{"id":42450,"date":"2026-08-19T18:09:49","date_gmt":"2026-08-19T16:09:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/science\/trichoderma-asperellum-t34\/mechanisms-of-action\/"},"modified":"2026-09-17T09:54:44","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T07:54:44","slug":"mechanisms-of-action","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/science\/trichoderma-asperellum-t34\/mechanisms-of-action\/","title":{"rendered":"Mechanisms of Action"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"42450\" class=\"elementor elementor-42450 elementor-41680\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4661f60 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4661f60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-426b1d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"426b1d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f581016 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f581016\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35e0a76 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35e0a76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bct-moa-hero\">\n\n  <div class=\"bct-moa-hero__content\">\n\n    <span class=\"bct-moa-hero__eyebrow\">\n Science \u00b7 Cepa <em>Trichoderma asperellum<\/em> T34\n    <\/span>\n\n    <h1 class=\"bct-moa-hero__title\">\n Mechanisms of Action of <em>Trichoderma asperellum<\/em> T34\n    <\/h1>\n\n    <p class=\"bct-moa-hero__claim\">\n Six processes. Two directions.  <strong>One single strain.<\/strong>\n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-hero__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"bct-moa-hero__lede\">\n Three processes that directly interfere with pathogen development and three that act on the plant. What each one does, what published evidence supports it, and what cannot be expected from it. \n    <\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-hero__actions\">\n\n      <a class=\"bct-moa-hero__btn\" href=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/science\/trichoderma-asperellum-t34\/mechanisms-of-action\/#Acceso_Capitulos\">\n Acces the chapters\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de3ebe3 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-2def2a0-a2eaadc \" data-id=\"de3ebe3\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"de3ebe3\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"de3ebe3\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff01da8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff01da8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bct-moa-context-top\">\n\n  <section class=\"bct-moa-context-top__inner\">\n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-context-top__left\">\n\n      <span class=\"bct-moa-context-top__eyebrow\">\n Concepts \u00b7 Evidence \u00b7 Agronomic Practice\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2 class=\"bct-moa-context-top__title\">\n All the information on mechanisms of action.\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-context-top__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n\n      <p class=\"bct-moa-context-top__lede\">\n How <em>Trichoderma asperellum <\/em>T34 works, and the technical context needed to place it within a protocol.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <p class=\"bct-moa-context-top__p\">\n This page brings together technical information on the mechanisms of action of microorganism-based plant protection products (active substances): what they are, how they are determined, and how the mechanisms of a biological agent differ from those of a synthetic substance. It also explains how Trichoderma asperellum T34 acts against pathogens and what this means for fungicide resistance management. \n      <\/p>\n\n      <p class=\"bct-moa-context-top__p\">\n This page is designed for those who make protocol decisions\u2014growers, advisors, and plant health technicians\u2014who want an in-depth understanding of how a biological plant protection product works.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <aside class=\"bct-moa-context-top__cards\" aria-label=\"Informaci\u00f3n complementaria\">\n\n      <article class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card\">\n\n        <h3 class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card-title\">\n Technical reference\n        <\/h3>\n\n        <p class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card-text\">\n A reference page on mechanisms of action, with access to various technical content.\n        <\/p>\n\n        <span class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card-label\">\n What it is\n        <\/span>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card\">\n\n        <h3 class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card-title\">\n Evidence and Documentation\n        <\/h3>\n\n        <p class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card-text\">\n Scientific references, trial data, and downloadable materials.\n        <\/p>\n\n        <span class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card-label\">\n What you will find\n        <\/span>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card bct-moa-context-top__card--featured\">\n\n        <h3 class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card-title\">\n Ongoing Expansion\n        <\/h3>\n\n        <p class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card-text\">\n Each mechanism will have its own dedicated section, and scientific publications will be added as they become available.\n        <\/p>\n\n        <span class=\"bct-moa-context-top__card-label\">\n Update\n        <\/span>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n    <\/aside>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49cbb59 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-b48fe67 \" data-id=\"49cbb59\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"49cbb59\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"49cbb59\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5471bf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5471bf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bct-moa-detail-cards\"><article class=\"bct-moa-detail-cards__card\"><h3 class=\"bct-moa-detail-cards__title\">The material is technical and fully referenced<\/h3><p class=\"bct-moa-detail-cards__text\">Everything stated on this page and in the linked modules comes from peer-reviewed scientific publications, official trials, and information derived from the registration dossier, always with its corresponding reference. Supporting documentation is linked from each module. <\/p><\/article><article class=\"bct-moa-detail-cards__card\"><h3 class=\"bct-moa-detail-cards__title\">It Works in Layers<\/h3><p class=\"bct-moa-detail-cards__text\">This is the complete map, and from this page you can access each module, which explores its section in depth. The series is expanded periodically: each mechanism will have its own dedicated development, and scientific publications will be added as they become available. <\/p><\/article><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11295eb e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-b3a1753 \" data-id=\"11295eb\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"11295eb\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"11295eb\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cd03fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4cd03fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Acceso_Capitulos\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"bct-moa-modules\" aria-label=\"Access to the chapters on mechanisms of action\">\n\n<div id=\"Acceso_Capitulos\" class=\"bct-moa-modules__wrap\">\n\n\n\n\n<article class=\"bct-moa-modules__card\">\n\n<div class=\"bct-moa-modules__head\">\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-modules__number\">\nModule I\n<\/span>\n\n<time class=\"bct-moa-modules__date\" datetime=\"2026-08-26\">\nAUG 26, 2026\n<\/time>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<h3 class=\"bct-moa-modules__title\">\nMechanisms of Action: Why a Chemical Fungicide and a Microorganism Aren&#8217;t Described the Same Way\n<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"bct-moa-modules__text\">\nWhat a mechanism of action is in a plant protection product, the difference between mechanism and target site, and why chemical and biological products don&#8217;t act in the same way.\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"bct-moa-modules__foot\">\n\n<a\nclass=\"bct-moa-modules__link\"\nhref=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/2026\/08\/24\/what-is-mode-of-action-plant-health\/\"\naria-label=\"Access Module I: Mechanisms of Action\"\n>\n\nAccess the module\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-modules__arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\u2192\n<\/span>\n\n<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/article>\n\n\n\n\n<article class=\"bct-moa-modules__card\">\n\n<div class=\"bct-moa-modules__head\">\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-modules__number\">\nModule II\n<\/span>\n\n<time class=\"bct-moa-modules__date\" datetime=\"2026-09-16\">\nSEP 16, 2026\n<\/time>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<h3 class=\"bct-moa-modules__title\">\nThe Six Mechanisms of Action of <em>T. asperellum<\/em> Strain T34: How It Acts on the Pathogen and on the Plant\n<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"bct-moa-modules__text\">\nThe six mechanisms of action of biological control explained one by one: how microorganisms act on the pathogen and on the plant.\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"bct-moa-modules__foot\">\n\n<a\nclass=\"bct-moa-modules__link\"\nhref=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/2026\/09\/09\/the-six-modes-of-action-in-biological-control-how-microorganisms-act-on-the-pathogen-and-on-the-plant\/\"\naria-label=\"Access Module II: The Six Mechanisms of Action of T. asperellum Strain T34\"\n>\n\nAccess the module\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-modules__arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\u2192\n<\/span>\n\n<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/article>\n\n\n\n\n<article class=\"bct-moa-modules__card bct-moa-modules__card--upcoming\">\n\n<div class=\"bct-moa-modules__head\">\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-modules__number\">\nModule III\n<\/span>\n\n<time class=\"bct-moa-modules__date\" datetime=\"2026-10-07\">\nOCT 7, 2026\n<\/time>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<h3 class=\"bct-moa-modules__title\">\nResistance, Evidence, and Criteria for Evaluating Mechanisms of Action in Biological Control\n<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"bct-moa-modules__text\">\nWhy biological control poses a lower risk of resistance, what evidence demonstrates a mechanism of action, and how to evaluate a solution.\n<\/p>\n\n<div\nclass=\"bct-moa-modules__foot bct-moa-modules__foot--upcoming\"\naria-label=\"Publication: October 7, 2026\"\n>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-modules__publication-k\">\nPublication date\n<\/span>\n\n<time class=\"bct-moa-modules__publication-date\" datetime=\"2026-10-07\">\nOCT 7, 2026\n<\/time>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/article>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77f8fb2 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-99b5d0b \" data-id=\"77f8fb2\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"77f8fb2\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"77f8fb2\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d9888d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d9888d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"que-es-un-mecanismo\" class=\"bct-moa-why\" aria-labelledby=\"bct-moa-why-title\"><div class=\"bct-moa-why__wrap\"><div class=\"bct-moa-why__copy\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-why__eyebrow\"><br \/>Why it matters<br \/><\/span><\/p><h2 id=\"bct-moa-why-title\" class=\"bct-moa-why__title\">Knowing How a Product Works Changes How It Should Be Applied<\/h2><div class=\"bct-moa-why__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-why__definition\">A mechanism of action is the process by which a plant protection product achieves disease control. It is not the outcome observed in the field, but what happens beforehand: exactly what a given active substance does to bring about that outcome.<\/div><p class=\"bct-moa-why__body\">Understanding this process helps determine when and how to apply a product. For synthetic fungicides, application timing is governed by the presence of the pathogen or the risk of infection, as well as by the characteristics of each active substance, including its persistence, selectivity, and potential phytotoxicity. After application, the substance also degrades progressively, and its activity diminishes over time.<\/p><p class=\"bct-moa-why__body\">A biological control microorganism can act differently. When applied preventively, it can establish itself before the pathogen and limit its development through mechanisms such as competition for space and nutrients or activation of the plant&#8217;s defenses. If the pathogen is already present, direct mechanisms such as parasitism or antibiosis can also come into play.<\/p><p class=\"bct-moa-why__body\">This difference explains why application timing cannot be decided solely by analogy with a synthetic fungicide. Some chemical products have shown the ability to induce defense responses in the plant, but this is not the typical mechanism of most fungicides. In microorganism-based products, by contrast, the ability to establish, compete, and interact with the plant is part of their mode of action and directly determines how they are integrated into a protocol.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"bct-moa-why__media\"><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Petri-T-asperellum.png\" alt=\"Trichoderma asperellum T34 culture on a Petri dish\" \/><\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56f08c5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"56f08c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bede39 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-5bede39-63ffda7 \" data-id=\"5bede39\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5bede39\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"5bede39\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb36ecf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb36ecf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"bct-moa-access\" aria-labelledby=\"bct-moa-access-title\">\n\n  <div class=\"bct-moa-access__hero\">\n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-access__intro\">\n\n      <span class=\"bct-moa-access__eyebrow\">\n CHAPTER I\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2 id=\"bct-moa-access-title\" class=\"bct-moa-access__title\">\n Why a Chemical Fungicide and a Microorganism Aren&#8217;t Described the Same Way\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-access__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n\n      <p class=\"bct-moa-access__lede\">\n The conceptual framework underlying everything else: what a mechanism of action actually is, how it differs from the target it acts on, and why that language stops working when the active substance is a living organism.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <p class=\"bct-moa-access__body\">\n Europe&#8217;s shift toward integrated management brought with it a language problem: the sector still describes biologicals using the same categories it learned to apply to chemical fungicides. Much of the poorly calibrated field expectations stem from that inertia\u2014expecting a microorganism to deliver the fast, uniform response curve of a contact chemical. This chapter sorts out the three concepts that technical communication tends to blur together and sets the stage for examining T34&#8217;s specific mechanisms.  \n      <\/p>\n\n      <small class=\"bct-moa-access__caption\">\n Electron micrograph of a conidiophore bearing numerous spores of <em>T. asperellum<\/em> strain T34.\n      <\/small>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <figure class=\"bct-moa-access__media\">\n\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Microscopy-T-asperellum.png\" alt=\"Electron micrograph of a conidiophore bearing numerous spores of Trichoderma asperellum strain T34\">\n\n    <\/figure>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bct-moa-access__lower\">\n\n    <aside class=\"bct-moa-access__panel\" aria-label=\"Contenido del cap\u00edtulo I\">\n\n      <span class=\"bct-moa-access__panel-title\">\n What you will find\n      <\/span>\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-access__toc\">\n\n        <div class=\"bct-moa-access__item\">\n\n          <span class=\"bct-moa-access__number\">\n  01\n          <\/span>\n\n          <p class=\"bct-moa-access__item-text\">\n From molecule to living organism: why the question changes\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"bct-moa-access__item\">\n\n          <span class=\"bct-moa-access__number\">\n  02\n          <\/span>\n\n          <p class=\"bct-moa-access__item-text\">\n What a mechanism of action is in a plant protection product\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"bct-moa-access__item\">\n\n          <span class=\"bct-moa-access__number\">\n  03\n          <\/span>\n\n          <p class=\"bct-moa-access__item-text\">\n Mechanism of action and target site are not synonyms\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"bct-moa-access__item\">\n\n          <span class=\"bct-moa-access__number\">\n  04\n          <\/span>\n\n          <p class=\"bct-moa-access__item-text\">\n Specific action and general action: two different logics\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/aside>\n\n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-access__meta\" aria-label=\"Datos del cap\u00edtulo\">\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-item\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-k\">\nReading time\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-v\">\n6 min\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-item\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-k\">\nIntended for\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-v\">\ntechnicians, professional growers, and advisors\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-item\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-k\">\nLanguages\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-v\">\nES \u00b7 CA \u00b7 EN \u00b7 DE\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-item\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-k\">\nFree \n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-access__meta-v\">\nAccess\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5782246 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-4889e16 \" data-id=\"5782246\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5782246\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"5782246\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7b5e08 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-a7b5e08-3015285 \" data-id=\"a7b5e08\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"a7b5e08\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"a7b5e08\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a965cd0 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-a965cd0-e2fae76 \" data-id=\"a965cd0\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"a965cd0\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"a965cd0\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40bd86d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40bd86d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"bct-gated-cta\" aria-labelledby=\"bct-gated-cta-title\">\n\n  <div class=\"bct-gated-cta__panel\">\n\n    <div class=\"bct-gated-cta__copy\">\n\n      <span class=\"bct-gated-cta__eyebrow\">\n MODULE I \u00b7 AUG 26, 2026\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h3 id=\"bct-gated-cta-title\" class=\"bct-gated-cta__title\">\n Mechanisms of Action: Why a Chemical Fungicide and a Microorganism Aren&#8217;t Described the Same Way\n      <\/h3>\n\n      <p class=\"bct-gated-cta__text\">\n What a mechanism of action really is, how it differs from the target site, and why understanding that distinction changes how a biological product is evaluated, applied, and integrated in the field.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <a class=\"bct-gated-cta__btn\" href=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/2026\/08\/24\/que-es-mecanismo-accion-fitosanitario\/\">\n       <span>\nRead the module\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-gated-cta__arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\u2192\n<\/span> \n    <\/a>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f30e84e e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-f30e84e-96f435d \" data-id=\"f30e84e\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"f30e84e\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"f30e84e\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc75d10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc75d10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"criterios\" class=\"bct-moa-criterios\" aria-labelledby=\"h-criterios\"><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__intro\"><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__copy\"><h2 id=\"h-criterios\" class=\"bct-moa-criterios__title\">What Makes a Microorganism a Biological Control Agent?<\/h2><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> <\/div><p class=\"bct-moa-criterios__lede\">To answer this, we go back to 1983, when two scientists, R. James Cook and Kenneth F. Baker, specialists in plant pathology who recognized the potential of biological control, published <i>The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens<\/i>, one of the foundational books of biological control practice.<\/p><p class=\"bct-moa-criterios__body\">It clearly describes the characteristics a microorganism must have to serve as a biological control agent. Its central thesis is that controlling a disease involves much more than killing the pathogen, and that there are pathways of intervention a molecule simply cannot take. <\/p><p class=\"bct-moa-criterios__body\">In exploring these pathways, they reached a conclusion that 21st-century agriculture has since confirmed in the field: <strong>not all beneficial microorganisms qualify as biological control agents<\/strong>. What conditions are we talking about?<\/p><\/div><aside class=\"bct-moa-criterios__source\"><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"bct-moa-criterios__cover\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/The-Nature-and-Practice-of-Biological-Control-of-Plant-Diseases.png\" alt=\"Cover of The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens, by Cook and Baker, 1983.\" width=\"1008\" height=\"1572\"><\/p><p><span class=\"bct-moa-criterios__year\"><br>1983<br><\/span><\/p><p class=\"bct-moa-criterios__reference\">R. J. Cook y K. F. Baker,<br \/><i>The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens<\/i>.<br \/>American Phytopathological Society.<br \/>Chapters 1 and 2.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__list-stage\"><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__criteria\" role=\"list\" aria-label=\"Condiciones de un agente de control biol\u00f3gico\"><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__criterion\" role=\"listitem\"><b>Aggressive colonizer<\/b>, well adapted to the physical and physicochemical conditions of the environment in which it must become established.<\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__criterion\" role=\"listitem\"><b>Growth that depends on the same nutrients as the pathogen<\/b>, or that interferes with the pathogen&#8217;s access to them.<\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__criterion\" role=\"listitem\"><b>Production of enzymes, antibiotics, or biostatic substances<\/b> capable of interfering with the pathogen&#8217;s growth and development.<\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__criterion\" role=\"listitem\"><span class=\"bct-moa-criterios__plus\"><br>In addition<br><\/span><p><b>Ability to activate the plant&#8217;s immune system<\/b>, leaving it primed to respond to pathogen attack.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__between\"><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__between-side\"><p class=\"bct-moa-criterios__bridge\">That list was compiled from a handful of identified antagonistic microorganisms. Four decades later, and with more than a decade of commercial use behind it, formulations based on <i>Trichoderma asperellum<\/i> strain T34 allow the check to be run in reverse: going through the four points one by one and matching each with its corresponding documented mechanism. <\/p><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__between-main\"><p class=\"bct-moa-criterios__legal\">The first three are the requirements Cook and Baker set out for an antagonist to function optimally. The fourth is not a strict condition: in the same book, they present it as what distinguishes a good antagonist from an excellent one. <\/p><aside class=\"bct-moa-criterios__bio\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-criterios__bio-title\"><br>About the Authors<br><\/span><\/p><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__bio-grid\"><p><b>R. James Cook<\/b> (b. 1937). Plant pathologist specializing in soilborne wheat pathogens. Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and recipient of the Wolf Prize in Agriculture.  <\/p><p><b>Kenneth F. Baker<\/b> (1908\u20131996). Plant pathologist. <i>Fellow <\/i>of the AAAS and editor of<i> Annual Review of Phytopathology<\/i>. His work helped establish the research framework for soilborne pathogens and biological control.  <\/p><\/div><\/aside><\/div><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check\"><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-row\"><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-c\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-n\"><br>I<br><\/span><\/p><p>Aggressive colonizer, adapted to the environment<\/p><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-m\"><p>Competition for space<\/p><p><br>Chemotaxis, appressorium-mediated adhesion, and persistent colonization of the rhizosphere.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-row\"><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-c\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-n\"><br>II<br><\/span><\/p><p>Growth that interferes with the pathogen&#8217;s nutrients<\/p><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-m\"><p>Competition for nutrients and iron<\/p><p><br>Consumption of carbon and nitrogen, and uptake of ferric iron via siderophores.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-row\"><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-c\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-n\"><br>III<br><\/span><\/p><p>Production of enzymes, antibiotics, or biostatic compounds<\/p><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-m\"><p>Parasitism and antibiosis<\/p><p><br>Chitinases, \u03b2-1,3-glucanases, and proteases; secondary metabolites and volatile compounds.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-row\"><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-c\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-n\"><br>IV<br><\/span><\/p><p>Activation of plant immunity from the rhizosphere<\/p><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-criterios__check-m\"><p>Induced systemic resistance (ISR)<\/p><p><br>A documented systemic response with a lower metabolic cost than systemic acquired resistance (SAR).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ece987 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-5ece987-2f63aae \" data-id=\"5ece987\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5ece987\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"5ece987\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-438b048 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"438b048\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"seis-mecanismos\" class=\"bct-moa-cap2\" aria-labelledby=\"bct-moa-cap2-title\">\n\n  <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__head\">\n\n    <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__eyebrow\">\n Chapter II\n    <\/span>\n\n    <h2 id=\"bct-moa-cap2-title\" class=\"bct-moa-cap2__title\">\n The Six Mechanisms of Action of<i> Trichoderma asperellum<\/i> Strain T34\n    <\/h2>\n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n\n    <p class=\"bct-moa-cap2__intro\">\n The six components, one by one: what each does, what evidence supports it, and what cannot be expected from it. Three act on the pathogen and three act on the plant. \n    <\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__matrix\">\n\n    \n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__group\">\n\n      <p class=\"bct-moa-cap2__group-k\">\n Toward the Pathogen\n      <\/p>\n\n\n      <div id=\"parasitismo\" class=\"bct-moa-cap2__row\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__name\">\nParasitism\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__what\">\nThe antagonist recognizes the pathogen, attaches to it, colonizes it, and degrades its cell wall using enzymes it produces only after that recognition.\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__status\">\nDirect mechanism\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div id=\"antibiosis\" class=\"bct-moa-cap2__row\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__name\">\nAntibiosis\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__what\">\nSecondary metabolites, volatile compounds, and enzymes that interfere with pathogen development. It rarely acts alone.\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__status\">\nDirect mechanism\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div id=\"competencia\" class=\"bct-moa-cap2__row\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__name\">\nCompetence\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__what\">\nFor rhizosphere space and for soil mineral elements, including iron. This is where biological control&#8217;s most consistent rule comes from: timing is everything.\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__status\">\nIndirect mechanism\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    \n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__group\">\n\n      <p class=\"bct-moa-cap2__group-k\">\n Toward the Plant\n      <\/p>\n\n\n      <div id=\"isr\" class=\"bct-moa-cap2__row\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__name\">\nInduced Systemic Resistance\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__what\">\nThis shifts the subject of the action: it is the plant that defends itself. It is not permanently activated, but rather primed to respond faster\u2014priming.\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__status\">\nDirect mechanism\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div id=\"promocion\" class=\"bct-moa-cap2__row\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__name\">\nGrowth Promotion\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__what\">\nRoot architecture and mobilization of poorly available mineral elements. A more exploratory root system absorbs water and nutrients more effectively.\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__status\">\nDirect mechanism\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div id=\"germinacion\" class=\"bct-moa-cap2__row\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__name\">\nEffects on Germination\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__what\">\nOn crop establishment during its earliest stages, when rhizosphere colonization accompanies the crop from the seedbed or transplanting stage onward.\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__status\">\nIndirect mechanism\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  \n\n  <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__access\">\n\n    <aside class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-box\" aria-label=\"Contenido del cap\u00edtulo II\">\n\n      <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-title\">\n What you will find\n      <\/span>\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc\">\n\n        <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-row\">\n\n          <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-num\">\n  01\n          <\/span>\n\n          <p class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-text\">\n Two directions of action: toward the pathogen and toward the plant\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-row\">\n\n          <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-num\">\n  02\n          <\/span>\n\n          <p class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-text\">\n Parasitism, antibiosis, and competition for space and nutrients (iron)\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-row\">\n\n          <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-num\">\n  03\n          <\/span>\n\n          <p class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-text\">\n Induced systemic resistance and the concept of <i>priming<\/i>\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-row\">\n\n          <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-num\">\n  04\n          <\/span>\n\n          <p class=\"bct-moa-cap2__toc-text\">\n Growth promotion and effects on germination\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/aside>\n\n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta\">\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-card\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-k\">\nReading time\n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-v\">\n15 min\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-card\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-k\">\nIntended for \n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-v\">\nTechnicians, professional growers, and advisors\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-card\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-k\">\nReferences<\/span>\n\n<br \/><br \/>\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-v\">13 sources cited\n\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-card\">\n\n         <span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-k\">\nFree \n<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"bct-moa-cap2__meta-v\">\nAccess\n<\/span> \n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54cb473 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-54cb473-105eb8e \" data-id=\"54cb473\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"54cb473\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"54cb473\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c8bbf4 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-9c8bbf4-8892219 \" data-id=\"9c8bbf4\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"9c8bbf4\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"9c8bbf4\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e303cef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e303cef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"bct-moa-module2-cta\" aria-labelledby=\"bct-moa-module2-cta-title\">\n  <div class=\"bct-moa-module2-cta__card\">\n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-module2-cta__content\">\n\n      <span class=\"bct-moa-module2-cta__eyebrow\">\n        Module II\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h3 id=\"bct-moa-module2-cta-title\" class=\"bct-moa-module2-cta__title\">\n        The Six Mechanisms of Action of <i>Trichoderma asperellum<\/i> Strain T34\n      <\/h3>\n\n      <p class=\"bct-moa-module2-cta__text\">\n        Parasitism, antibiosis, competition, induced systemic resistance, growth promotion,\n        and effects on germination: six mechanisms explained one by one to understand\n        what happens to the pathogen, what happens to the plant, and what can be\n        expected from each process.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <a\n      class=\"bct-moa-module2-cta__publication\"\n      href=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/2026\/09\/09\/the-six-modes-of-action-in-biological-control-how-microorganisms-act-on-the-pathogen-and-on-the-plant\/\"\n      aria-label=\"Read Module II: The Six Mechanisms of Action of Trichoderma asperellum Strain T34\"\n    >\n\n      <span class=\"bct-moa-module2-cta__publication-k\">\n        Read the module\n      <\/span>\n\n\n    <\/a>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f862d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1f862d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5ea2c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f5ea2c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"resistencias\" class=\"bct-moa-frac\" aria-labelledby=\"bct-moa-frac-title\"><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__head\"><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__head-copy\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-frac__eyebrow\"><br \/>Chapter III<br \/><\/span><\/p><h2 id=\"bct-moa-frac-title\" class=\"bct-moa-frac__title\">A Biological Mode of Action Classified by FRAC as BM02<\/h2><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div><p class=\"bct-moa-frac__lede\">The multiplicity of processes described in the previous chapters has a standardized translation in crop protection: T34 Biocontrol\u00ae belongs to FRAC group BM02, reserved for microbial biological agents with multiple modes of action.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"bct-moa-frac__logo\"><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/frac.png\" alt=\"Fungicide Resistance Action Committee, FRAC\" \/><\/p><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__main\"><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__copy\"><p class=\"bct-moa-frac__body\">The <strong>Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) <\/strong>is the international technical body that classifies disease control agents according to their mode of action and cross-resistance patterns. Its codes make it possible to identify whether two solutions act on the same target and help design protection programs that preserve their effectiveness over time.<\/p><p class=\"bct-moa-frac__body\">This classification is especially relevant when comparing single-site fungicides with microorganisms such as <i>Trichoderma asperellum<\/i> strain T34. While a single-site active ingredient concentrates selection pressure on one specific process in the pathogen, T34 intervenes through complementary processes\u2014including competition, mycoparasitism, metabolite production, and activation of plant defenses. The pathogen therefore does not face a single, isolated target.<\/p><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__key\" aria-label=\"C\u00f3mo se interpreta el c\u00f3digo FRAC BM02\"><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__key-item\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-frac__key-term\"><br \/>B<br \/><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Biologicals<\/strong>: agents of biological origin.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__key-item\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-frac__key-term\"><br \/>M<br \/><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Multiple modes of action<\/strong>: several mechanisms contribute to control.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__key-item\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-frac__key-term\"><br \/>02<br \/><\/span><\/p><p>Subgroup of <strong>microbial <\/strong>agents, including living microorganisms and certain extracts or metabolites.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"bct-moa-frac__classification\" aria-label=\"Clasificaci\u00f3n FRAC BM02 de Trichoderma asperellum cepa T34\"><p><span class=\"bct-moa-frac__classification-k\"><br \/>FRAC Classificaion<br \/><\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"bct-moa-frac__code\"><br \/>BM02<br \/><\/span><\/p><p class=\"bct-moa-frac__classification-name\">Microbial biologicals with multiple modes of action<\/p><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__data-row\">Included agent <i>Trichoderma asperellum<\/i> strain T34<\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__data-row\">Effects considered by FRAC Competition, mycoparasitism, antibiosis, lytic enzymes, and induced defense, among others; not all of these need to occur in every microorganism.<\/div><div class=\"bct-moa-frac__data-row\">Resistance statusFRAC states for <i>Trichoderma <\/i>spp.: <strong>no known resistance<\/strong>.<\/div><p class=\"bct-moa-frac__note\">&#8220;No known resistance&#8221; does not mean an absolute absence of risk. Use must always comply with the label, the current registration, and applicable agronomic recommendations.<\/p><\/aside><\/div><p class=\"bct-moa-frac__source\">Classification source:<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frac.info\/media\/s1zfrjqa\/frac-code-list-2026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><br \/>FRAC Code List 2026<br \/><\/a>.<br \/>Inclusion on the FRAC list describes the mode of action and does not, in itself, constitute an efficacy evaluation or a use authorization.<\/p><\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-389265b e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-389265b-a753444 \" data-id=\"389265b\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"389265b\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"389265b\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-753c95a e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-753c95a-0d5b9b0 \" data-id=\"753c95a\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"753c95a\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"753c95a\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6109f40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6109f40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"bct-moa-module3-cta\" aria-labelledby=\"bct-moa-module3-cta-title\">\n\n  <div class=\"bct-moa-module3-cta__card\">\n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-module3-cta__content\">\n\n      <span class=\"bct-moa-module3-cta__eyebrow\">\n Module III\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h3 id=\"bct-moa-module3-cta-title\" class=\"bct-moa-module3-cta__title\">\n Resistance, the FRAC Code, and how a mechanism is demonstrated\n      <\/h3>\n\n      <p class=\"bct-moa-module3-cta__text\">\n What the BM02 category means, why multiple mechanisms make pathogen adaptation more difficult, why an inhibition halo on a plate does not demonstrate agronomic efficacy, and what use limitations should be understood.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"bct-moa-module3-cta__publication\" aria-label=\"Pr\u00f3xima publicaci\u00f3n: 7 de octubre de 2026\">\n\n       \n<span class=\"bct-moa-module3-cta__publication-k\">Publication date<\/span>\n\n<time class=\"bct-moa-module3-cta__publication-date\" datetime=\"2026-10-07\">\nOCT 7, 2026\n<\/time> \n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54e0fbdc e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-54e0fbdc-be291c2 \" data-id=\"54e0fbdc\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"54e0fbdc\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"54e0fbdc\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33df836a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33df836a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bct-pie\">\n\n&nbsp;\n<div class=\"bct-pie__inner\">\n\n<ul class=\"bct-pie__enlaces\">\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/legal-notice\/\">Legal notice<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/privacy-policy\/\">Privacy policy<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/cookie-policy\/\">Cookie policy<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a class=\"bct-cookie-prefs\" role=\"button\" href=\"#\">Cookie preferences<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"bct-pie__legal\">\nBiocontrol Technologies, S.L. \u00b7 NIF B63545446\nAv. 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Two directions. One single strain. Three processes that directly interfere with pathogen development and three that act on the plant. What each one does, what published evidence supports it, and what cannot be expected from it. 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