{"id":29594,"date":"2025-09-26T13:50:56","date_gmt":"2025-09-26T13:50:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/control-of-phytophthora-spp-in-strawberry-crops\/"},"modified":"2026-03-10T13:55:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T12:55:46","slug":"control-of-phytophthora-spp-in-strawberry-crops","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/2025\/09\/26\/control-of-phytophthora-spp-in-strawberry-crops\/","title":{"rendered":"Control of Phytophthora <\/i>spp. in strawberry crops."},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Phytophthora cactorum<\/i>, Crown rot, Collar rot, Basal rot (PHYTCC)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Effective Strategies for the Control of Phytophthora<\/i> spp. in Strawberry Crops <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Strawberry is one of the most dynamic and profitable crops in world horticulture, with great economic relevance in producing regions such as Spain, the United States and Mexico. However, its profitability is threatened by various soil diseases, including the <\/span>root rot caused by <\/span><\/b>Phytophthora spp.<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>

This pathogen, known as a “plant destroyer”, causes significant losses in both nurseries and commercial plots. Its ability to persist in the soil for years and spread rapidly in wet conditions makes it a constant challenge for growers and technical advisors. <\/span> <\/span><\/p>

In this article we analyze the <\/span>biology of the pathogen, its infection cycle, characteristic symptoms, monitoring methods and integrated management strategies.<\/span><\/b>. In addition, we will explore the role of the <\/span>biocontrol<\/span><\/b> and we will present <\/span>T34 Biocontrol\u00ae<\/span><\/b> as a sustainable and effective alternative against <\/span>Phytophthora spp.<\/span><\/i> in strawberry cultivation.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Economic Importance of Strawberry Cultivation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Strategic relevance in the global agricultural economy<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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According to data from <\/span>FAOSTAT (2023) <\/span>world strawberry production exceeds <\/span>9 million tons per year<\/span>. In the <\/span>European Union<\/span>the harvest is around 1 million tons. <\/span>1 million tons<\/span>of which <\/span>Spain contributes about 30% (eurostat, 2023).<\/span> (EUROSTAT, 2023).<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

In Spain, production is mainly concentrated in Andalusia (93% of the cultivated area). <\/span>Andalusia (93% of the cultivated surface area)<\/span>reaching up to 97% of the <\/span>97% of the national total<\/span>thanks to the high yields obtained in <\/span>tunnel cultivation<\/span>. The country is positioned, together with the Netherlands, as one of the world’s leading <\/span>EU soft fruit exporters<\/span>with a preferential destination in the EU market and the United <\/span>United Kingdom<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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EFE Agro: Infographic on Strawberry prices in Spain (2023)
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A product with a high commercial value <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Strawberries have established themselves as one of the most popular berries <\/span><\/span>red fruits most appreciated by consumers, thanks to its<\/span><\/span>thanks to its flavor, culinary <\/span><\/span>its flavor, culinary versatility and nutritional properties.<\/span><\/span>. This combination has driven a <\/span><\/span>sustained worldwide consumption<\/span><\/span>with a constant <\/span><\/span>constant demand throughout the year, especially in countries<\/span><\/span>especially in countries with temperate climates that allow its continuous production or importation.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Source of income for producers <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Strawberry cultivation represents an important <\/span><\/span>important source of income<\/span><\/span> for farmers. Your <\/span><\/span>short cycle<\/span><\/span> several harvests per year, resulting in quick economic returns and high profitability. <\/span><\/span>rapid economic returns and high profitability<\/span><\/span>. These characteristics make it a strategic choice for <\/span><\/span>small and medium-sized producers<\/span><\/span> who seek to optimize resources and benefits.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Impact on regional economies<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In highly specialized regions such as <\/span><\/span>Huelva (Spain), California (United States) or Michoac\u00e1n (Mexico) <\/span><\/span>strawberry acts as a key economic <\/span><\/span>key economic driver<\/span><\/span>. Its production generates a direct impact on farmers, but it also stimulates a <\/span><\/span>extensive network of ancillary industries.<\/span><\/span>. In this way, strawberry cultivation makes a decisive contribution to the <\/span><\/span>economic and social development of the producing areas<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Relevance to foreign trade and the trade balance <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The role of strawberries in international markets<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Strawberries occupy a <\/span>position in the international fruit and vegetable trade.<\/span>. Countries such as <\/span>Spain, Mexico, the United States, Morocco and Egypt are among the world’s leading exporters.<\/span> are among the world’s leading exporters.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

However, the intensification <\/span>intensification of cultivation<\/span> challenges related to the use of pesticides <\/span>pesticide use<\/span> and its consequences on the health of workers, consumers and the environment. This scenario has prompted a <\/span>transition to sustainable agricultural practices<\/span>including the rise of organic farming and organic certification. <\/span>organic certification<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

The incorporation of biocontrol agents <\/span>incorporation of biocontrol agents<\/span>not only in organic farms, but also in conventional systems. These tools have proven to offer <\/span>results equal or superior to chemical treatments, with the added value of being safer and more environmentally friendly.<\/span>with the added value of being safer and more environmentally friendly.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

Currently, there are <\/span>registered biological crop protection<\/span> for crops such as <\/span>blueberry, raspberry or gooseberry<\/span>and soon also for strawberries. Among them, the following stand out <\/span>T34 Biocontrol\u00ae , which has<\/span>which has demonstrated <\/span>statistically comparable efficacy to chemical products<\/span>offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution now available to growers.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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What is Phytophthora spp.<\/i><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A pathogen known as the \"plant destroyer\".<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The genus <\/span>Phytophthora spp.<\/span><\/i> groups numerous organisms that affect a wide variety of crops: horticultural, fruit, forestry and ornamental. Its impact is especially relevant in <\/span>nurseries<\/span> (horticultural, fruit and ornamental) nurseries, where growing conditions favor the spread of the disease.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

The term <\/span>Phytophthora<\/span><\/i> comes from Greek and literally means “<\/span>plant destroyer<\/span>“reflecting the <\/span>severity of the damage<\/span> damage it has caused since it was first described.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

Although they resemble fungi, oomycetes, which are <\/span>oomycetes<\/span> such as <\/span>Phytophthora<\/span><\/i> are classified within a different group of eukaryotic organisms. They are commonly known as “<\/span>water fungi<\/span>” o “<\/span>false fungi<\/span>“due to their preference for humid environments and their ability to generate mobile zoospores in water. <\/span>mobile zoospores in water<\/span>This explains their ease of dispersal in conditions of excess humidity.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Phytophthora mediterranea<\/i> sp. nov., a New Species Closely Related to Phytophthora cinnamomi<\/i> from Nursery Plants of Myrtus communis<\/i> in Italy Source: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/12\/6\/682 <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Taxonomic classification: <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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edge:<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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class:<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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order:<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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family:<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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gender:<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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EPPO CODE:<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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SAR (Stramenopiles - Alveolata - Rhizaria)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Oomycetes<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Peronosporales<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Peronosporaceae<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Phytophthora spp.<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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PHYTSP<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Global distribution map of Phytophthora cactorum (PHYTCC) confirmed and transient records. EPPO Global Database. Available at the following link<\/a><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Disease cycle<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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How Phytophthora spp.<\/i> develops and spreads on strawberries<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Species of the genus <\/span>Phytophthora spp.<\/span><\/i> are highly destructive <\/span>highly destructive pathogens <\/span>belonging to the class <\/span>Oomycetes<\/span>. Although they have similar characteristics to true mushrooms, <\/span>are not considered strict fungi<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

Its development is favored by <\/span>soil temperatures between 15 and 23 \u00b0C<\/span> and by <\/span>high humidity levels<\/span>higher than those optimal for strawberry cultivation.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Strawberry plant affected by Phytophthora <\/i> spp.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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A. Survival structures<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Phytophthora<\/span><\/i> can <\/span>overwinter in the soil<\/span><\/b> or in infected plant material (roots, tubers, bulbs), adopting different forms of resistance:<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Oospores<\/h3>

Sexual spores in a state of prolonged dormancy.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sporangios<\/h3>

Structures capable of germinating or releasing motile zoospores.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Chlamydospores<\/h3>

Thickened mycelium cells, resistant to adverse conditions.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Mycelium<\/h3>

Vegetative network of the fungus that ensures its development.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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These structures allow the organism to survive for <\/span>to survive for long periods of time<\/span><\/b> in the absence of a host.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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B. Onset of infection<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The <\/span>zoospores<\/span><\/b>released from sporangia or oospores, are motile thanks to their two <\/span>two<\/span><\/b>The zoospores, released from the sporangia or oospores, are mobile thanks to their two spores, which allow them to move in the water until they reach the roots of the host plant.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

The infection process usually begins in the roots of the <\/span>roots<\/span><\/b>then progressing to the base of the <\/span>the base of the stem (foot of the plant).<\/span><\/b>although in some cases it may start directly in this area.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

The <\/span>root exudates<\/span><\/b> -substances rich in organic compounds released by root apices – stimulate the germination of zoospores. <\/span>germination of zoospores<\/span><\/b> and attract them to the plant tissues. Once established, the pathogen may colonize the <\/span>stem<\/span><\/b> and, under favorable conditions, reach <\/span>aerial surfaces<\/span><\/b> such as leaves and petioles.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Micrographs of zoospores of P. parasitica in the unicellular stage, taken in the absence of K\u207a (panels A and C) and cell aggregates. Zoospore cell bodies and flagella are indicated by \"Zcb\" and \"F\", respectively. \"Fs\" and \"Ft\" indicate smooth flagellum and flagellum with mastigonemes, respectively.
Source:<\/b> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8071012 <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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C. Reproduction and propagation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In the infected tissue, the pathogen forms sporangiophores<\/span>These are structures that emerge from the stomata and produce new sporangia. These can<\/span>germinate directly, infecting nearby tissues or<\/strong>infecting nearby tissues or infecting<\/strong><\/span>iberate zoospores<\/strong>generating new secondary infections.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

For aerial infection to occur (leaves, stems), it is necessary that the surfaces remain moist. <\/span>surfaces must remain moist<\/span><\/b>indispensable condition for the germination of spores.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sexual and asexual structures of Phytophthora capsici: a) simple sympodial sporangiophore, b) papillate ellipsoid sporangia, c) irregularly shaped sporangium, d) plerotic oospores with amphigenous antheridium, e) globose, terminal chlamydospores, and f) deciduous sporangium.

Font:<\/b> https:\/\/rmf.smf.org.mx\/RevistaMexicana\/articulo-hdoi.php?clave=RMF2007-5<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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D. Dispersal of the pathogen<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The spread of <\/span>Phytophthora<\/span><\/i> occurs mainly through water and wind. <\/span>water and wind<\/span><\/b>:<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"\"<\/figure>

Rain<\/h3>

Rain<\/b> washes spores from infected
tissues to the ground. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"\"<\/figure>

SOIL<\/h3>

In the soil<\/b>, water from irrigation or waterlogging facilitates movement to healthy plants.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"\"<\/figure>

WIND<\/h3>

Wind<\/b> contributes to the transport of sporangia
in humid conditions.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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This explains the rapid spread of the disease in situations of excess moisture. <\/span>excess humidity<\/span><\/b>even if these are not optimal for the crop.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Symptoms and damage of Phytophthora cactorum<\/i> in strawberry crop. <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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How to identify and recognize the impact of Phytophthora cactorum<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Symptoms caused by <\/span>Phytophthora cactorum<\/span><\/i> in strawberry can easily be <\/span>easily confused with other pathologies<\/span> such as frost damage, <\/span>anthracnose<\/span> or problems resulting from poor plant <\/span>problems caused by poor preservation of the plants in cold storage.<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

Infection can occur both in the <\/span>field<\/span> as well as in <\/span>nursery<\/span>affecting young and adult plants.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"\"<\/figure>

lateral wilting<\/h3>

Sexual spores in a state of prolonged dormancy.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"\"<\/figure>

Fruits
affected<\/h3>

Structures capable of germinating or releasing motile zoospores.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"\"<\/figure>

Invasion From the base of the crown<\/h3>

Thickened mycelium cells, resistant to adverse conditions.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\"\"<\/figure>

Invasion from the side of the crown<\/h3>

Vegetative network of the fungus that ensures its development.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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A. Wilt and plant weakening<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Infected plants show a general wilting <\/span>generalized or unilateral wilting<\/span> or unilateral wilting, accompanied by <\/span>stunted growth<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

The first symptoms are usually observed on young leaves <\/span>young leaves<\/span>which take on a bluish-green <\/span>bluish-green<\/span>while adult leaves remain apparently normal.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

As the disease progresses, the plant undergoes a rapid collapse <\/span>rapid collapse<\/span> and dies within a few days.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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B. Crown necrosis<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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By making a longitudinal <\/span>longitudinal cut on the rhizome or crown<\/span><\/b>an internal necrosis <\/span>internal necrosis<\/span><\/b> brown or reddish-brown <\/span>brown or reddish-brown<\/span><\/b>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

  1. In some cases, infection starts at the top of the crown and progresses downward.<\/strong>
    When the pathogen invades from the upper zone, the first tissues to be affected are the conducting vessels closest to the leaves and petioles.<\/li>
  2. In others, it starts in the lower or middle part, progressively advancing.<\/strong>
    When the infection originates in the base or middle part of the crown, the damage is usually associated with excess soil moisture or already weakened roots.<\/li><\/ol>

    This damage to the crown is one of the most <\/span>most characteristic diagnostic symptoms.<\/span><\/b>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t
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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    https:\/\/grupofragaria.com\/articulos\/phytophthora-en-frutillas\/<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    C. Affection in fruits<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    https:\/\/grupofragaria.com\/articulos\/phytophthora-en-frutillas\/<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    The <\/span>strawberry fruits<\/span><\/b> can be attacked at any stage of development:<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

    1. Unripe fruit<\/span><\/b>:<\/span><\/b> they present <\/span>brown or dark brown spots<\/span><\/b> in infected areas.<\/span> <\/span><\/li>
    2. Ripe fruit<\/span><\/b>:<\/span><\/b> show a dull <\/span>dull coloration <\/span><\/b>with <\/span>soft and watery areas<\/span><\/b> that affect their commercial quality.<\/span> <\/span><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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      Other species of interest<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      In addition to <\/span>P. cactorum, <\/span><\/i>other <\/span>Phytophthora species<\/span><\/i> can also affect the strawberry crop:<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

      1. P. cambivora<\/i><\/strong> y <\/span>P. cinnamomi <\/i><\/strong>frequent in heavy soils, attack roots.<\/span> <\/span><\/li>
      2. P. citricola<\/i><\/strong> y <\/span>P. cryptogea <\/i><\/strong>cause root rots in nurseries.<\/span> <\/span><\/li>
      3. P. rubi <\/i><\/strong>associated with raspberry, can infect strawberry in North America.<\/span> <\/span><\/li>
      4. P. drechsleri<\/i><\/strong>, P<\/i>erythroseptica<\/i><\/strong> y <\/span>P. megasperma <\/i><\/strong>occasional on strawberry, generally in poorly drained soils or humid climates.<\/span> <\/span><\/li><\/ol>

        The coexistence of these species with <\/span>P. fragariae<\/span><\/i><\/b> o <\/span>P. cactorum<\/span><\/i><\/b> aggravates the severity of the disease <\/span><\/b>especially in conditions of excessive humidity.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Infection by Phytophthora cactorum<\/i><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        The incidence of Phytophthora cactorum<\/i> and the factors favoring its development.<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Infection by Phytophthora cactorum<\/em><\/strong> develops in a temperature range between 15 and 25 \u00baC<\/strong>, as long as there is free water<\/strong> in the environment.<\/p>

        Water stress<\/strong> plays a determining role in the manifestation of the disease. The times of greatest risk<\/strong> occur when the plant’s water demand is high<\/strong>, for example: <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        After the <\/span>transplant <\/span><\/b>when the root system is still underdeveloped and not very efficient.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        During flowering <\/span>and harvesting period <\/span><\/b>where transpiration <\/span>increases significantly.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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        A. Susceptibility in nurseries<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        The <\/span>nursery plants<\/span>, especially the <\/span>frigo <\/span>are particularly susceptible to <\/span>susceptible to attack by <\/span>P. cactorum<\/span><\/i>.<\/span> <\/span>The <\/span>nursery plants, <\/span>especially the <\/span>frigo<\/span>are particularly susceptible to <\/span>susceptible to attack by <\/span>P. cactorum<\/span><\/i>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

        When these plants arrive to the field already infected, they can introduce <\/span>introduce<\/span> the<\/span> pathogen<\/span> the plot, favoring its establishment and dispersal.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        B. Fruit infection<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        < Infection of strawberry fruit only occurs in the presence of free water on the surface, either by rainfall, sprinkler irrigation or condensation inside the greenhouse. This direct contact facilitates spore germination and penetration of the pathogen into the fruit tissues. <\/p>

        The duration of ambient humidity is<\/b> a critical factor in disease development<\/b>. The longer the period of humidity, the greater the likelihood of infection and establishment of the pathogen. <\/p>