{"id":37293,"date":"2026-03-03T08:23:44","date_gmt":"2026-03-03T07:23:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/2026\/03\/03\/beyond-genetic-improvement\/"},"modified":"2026-04-14T09:26:33","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T07:26:33","slug":"beyond-genetic-improvement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/2026\/03\/03\/beyond-genetic-improvement\/","title":{"rendered":"Beyond Genetic Improvement"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"37293\" class=\"elementor elementor-37293 elementor-36982\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9241781 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9241781\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8708bd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8708bd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">MODULE I<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dec5db elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0dec5db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beyond genetic improvement:  <\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e46edf elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8e46edf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Building a resilient production system in potato cultivation.<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5c5504 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial\" data-id=\"d5c5504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta elementor-has-image elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/jordi_team_web_2025.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-27763\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/jordi_team_web_2025.jpg 300w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/jordi_team_web_2025-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/jordi_team_web_2025-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-name\">Jordi Fumad\u00f3<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-job\">Technical-Commercial Coordinator<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d5f97f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7d5f97f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b95624d e-con-full elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b95624d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:75,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03a608f elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"03a608f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bct-panel\"><div class=\"bct-panel-kicker\">IN THIS SECTION<\/div><div id=\"js-active-title\" class=\"bct-panel-title\">Introducci\u00f3n<\/div><br\/><br\/><br\/><div class=\"bct-modulo\">MODULE I. Beyond Genetics<\/div><\/div><style>.bct-panel{\r\n    padding:16px;\r\n    border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.15);\r\n    border-radius:12px;\r\n    background:rgba(0,0,0,.25);\r\n    backdrop-filter: blur(6px);\r\n  }\r\n  .bct-panel-kicker{\r\n    font-family:\"Fira Sans\",system-ui,-apple-system,Segoe UI,Roboto,Arial;\r\n    font-size:12px;\r\n    letter-spacing:.12em;\r\n    text-transform:uppercase;\r\n    opacity:.7;\r\n    margin-bottom:10px;\r\n    color:#fff;\r\n  }\r\n  .bct-panel-title{\r\n    font-family:\"Fira Sans\",system-ui,-apple-system,Segoe UI,Roboto,Arial;\r\n    font-size: 24px;\r\n    font-weight:800;\r\n    line-height:1.05;\r\n    color:#fff;\r\n  }\r\n  .bct-modulo{\r\n    font-family:\"Fira Sans\",system-ui,-apple-system,Segoe UI,Roboto,Arial;\r\n    font-size:12px;\r\n    font-weight:300;\r\n    line-height:1.05;\r\n    color:#fff;\r\n  }\r\n<\/style><script>(function(){\r\n  function init(){\r\n    const titleEl = document.getElementById('js-active-title');\r\n    if(!titleEl) return;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Observamos headings (no contenedores)\r\n    const heads = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.js-section'));\r\n    if(!heads.length) return;\r\n\r\n    let current = '';\r\n\r\n    const getTitle = (el) => {\r\n      return el.getAttribute('data-title')\r\n        || (el.dataset && el.dataset.title)\r\n        || (el.textContent ? el.textContent.trim() : '');\r\n    };\r\n\r\n    const setTitle = (t) => {\r\n      if(!t || t === current) return;\r\n      current = t;\r\n      titleEl.textContent = t;\r\n    };\r\n\r\n    \/\/ T\u00edtulo inicial\r\n    setTitle(getTitle(heads[0]));\r\n\r\n    const io = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {\r\n      \/\/ De los que est\u00e9n \u201cactivos\u201d, coge el m\u00e1s cercano a la parte alta (rootMargin)\r\n      const active = entries\r\n        .filter(e => e.isIntersecting)\r\n        .sort((a,b) => (a.boundingClientRect.top - b.boundingClientRect.top))[0];\r\n\r\n      if(active) setTitle(getTitle(active.target));\r\n    }, {\r\n      root: null,\r\n      \/\/ Ajusta cu\u00e1ndo cambia: cuando el heading cruza ~el primer tercio de la pantalla\r\n      rootMargin: \"-20% 0px -70% 0px\",\r\n      threshold: [0, 0.01, 0.1]\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    heads.forEach(h => io.observe(h));\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  if(document.readyState === 'loading'){\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => setTimeout(init, 50), { once:true });\r\n  } else {\r\n    setTimeout(init, 50);\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba9be47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ba9be47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bct-imgpanel\" aria-label=\"Imagen de la subsecci\u00f3n activa\">\r\n  <img id=\"js-sub-img\" class=\"bct-imgpanel__img\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\">\r\n<\/div>\r\n<style>\r\n  .bct-imgpanel__img{\r\n    width:80%;\r\n    height:auto;\r\n    display:block;\r\n    opacity:0;\r\n    transition: opacity .35s ease;\r\n    will-change: opacity;\r\n  }\r\n  .bct-imgpanel__img.is-visible{ opacity:1; }\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  function init(){\r\n    const imgEl = document.getElementById('js-sub-img');\r\n    if(!imgEl) return;\r\n\r\n    const subs = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.js-subsection[data-img]'));\r\n    if(!subs.length) return;\r\n\r\n    let currentUrl = '';\r\n    let pendingUrl = '';\r\n    let loadToken = 0;\r\n    let debounceTimer = null;\r\n    const state = new Map();\r\n\r\n    function waitFadeOut(cb){\r\n      \/\/ Si ya est\u00e1 invisible, ejecuta inmediatamente\r\n      const isVisible = imgEl.classList.contains('is-visible');\r\n      if (!isVisible) return cb();\r\n\r\n      const onEnd = (e) => {\r\n        if (e.propertyName !== 'opacity') return;\r\n        imgEl.removeEventListener('transitionend', onEnd);\r\n        cb();\r\n      };\r\n\r\n      imgEl.addEventListener('transitionend', onEnd);\r\n      imgEl.classList.remove('is-visible');\r\n\r\n      \/\/ Fallback por si transitionend no dispara\r\n      setTimeout(() => {\r\n        imgEl.removeEventListener('transitionend', onEnd);\r\n        cb();\r\n      }, 420);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function fadeIn(){\r\n      \/\/ fuerza que el navegador \u201cregistre\u201d el estado\r\n      void imgEl.offsetWidth;\r\n      requestAnimationFrame(() => imgEl.classList.add('is-visible'));\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function commitImage(url){\r\n      if(!url || url === currentUrl) return;\r\n\r\n      pendingUrl = url;\r\n      const myToken = ++loadToken;\r\n\r\n      waitFadeOut(() => {\r\n        if (myToken !== loadToken) return;\r\n        if (pendingUrl !== url) return;\r\n\r\n        const pre = new Image();\r\n        pre.onload = () => {\r\n          if (myToken !== loadToken) return;\r\n          if (pendingUrl !== url) return;\r\n\r\n          imgEl.src = url;\r\n          currentUrl = url;\r\n          fadeIn();\r\n        };\r\n        pre.src = url;\r\n      });\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function chooseBest(){\r\n      let bestEl = null, bestRatio = -1, bestTop = Infinity;\r\n\r\n      for (const [el, m] of state.entries()){\r\n        if (m.ratio <= 0) continue;\r\n        if (m.top > 250) continue;\r\n\r\n        if (m.ratio > bestRatio + 0.02) {\r\n          bestEl = el; 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Potato cultivation: introduction to the key challenges<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4abf6a1 e-con-full js-subsection e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4abf6a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-img=\"http:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Origen-4.png\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be348b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be348b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Potato farming is undergoing a transformation. The market and society are demanding increasingly sustainable production systems, while farmers need to maintain the profitability and economic viability of their farms.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">These social demands have had a direct impact on the political and regulatory spheres. In Europe, this process materialized in a thorough review of the regulatory framework for plant protection products. <strong>Directive 91\/414\/EEC<\/strong> established the evaluation of then-authorized active substances, initiating a comprehensive review process based on safety criteria. Subsequently, <strong>Regulation (EC) No 1107\/2009<\/strong> reinforced these criteria following the scientific re-evaluation of the active substances. As a result, more than 70% of available substances were withdrawn from the market due to their potential negative impact on human health, animal health, or the environment.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eff103 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4eff103\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2166\" height=\"1312\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DIRECTIVE_91-414EC_EuropeanComission_Grafic_2022_V2_ES_png.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37266\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DIRECTIVE_91-414EC_EuropeanComission_Grafic_2022_V2_ES_png.png 2166w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DIRECTIVE_91-414EC_EuropeanComission_Grafic_2022_V2_ES_png-768x465.png 768w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DIRECTIVE_91-414EC_EuropeanComission_Grafic_2022_V2_ES_png-1536x930.png 1536w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DIRECTIVE_91-414EC_EuropeanComission_Grafic_2022_V2_ES_png-2048x1241.png 2048w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DIRECTIVE_91-414EC_EuropeanComission_Grafic_2022_V2_ES_png-600x363.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2166px) 100vw, 2166px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d560ceb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d560ceb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e772d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e772d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For decades, <b>genetic improvement<\/b> has been one of the main tools for increasing crop yields and a key factor in disease management through the incorporation of new varieties with greater tolerance or resistance.<\/p><p>However, the current context demands going further. The resilience of the system cannot rely solely on varietal potential, but rather on <b>building a balanced agronomic model<\/b> where genetics, soil health, microbiology, technical management, and phytosanitary strategy work in an integrated manner.<\/p><p>Today, talking about sustainability in potatoes does not mean producing less, but producing better: strengthening the soil as a living ecosystem, reducing vulnerability to pathogens, optimizing inputs and maintaining productive stability season after season.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b21e6a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b21e6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b113167 e-con-full js-subsection e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b113167\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-img=\"http:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Origen-5.png\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0588dd5 js-section elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0588dd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-title=\"Understanding cultivation as a complex system\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Understanding cultivation as a complex system<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f182b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f182b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c414bd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c414bd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">From an agronomic perspective, potato cultivation should be understood as a <strong>multivariable system<\/strong> in which <strong>soil<\/strong>, <strong>climatic<\/strong>, <strong>microbiological<\/strong>, and <strong>management<\/strong> factors converge. Soil structure, organic matter content, and biological activity influence root development and the ability to explore the soil profile. In turn, the water regime affects oxygenation, nutrient availability, and the expression of soilborne diseases.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">In this context, varietal genetic resistance represents a first step toward reducing vulnerability to certain pathogens. Genetic improvement has allowed for the incorporation of specific tolerances and enhanced performance against certain pathogens; however, its effectiveness depends largely on the environment in which the plant develops and the agronomic practices applied in its cultivation.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Pathogens do not act in isolation. They are part of a dynamic equilibrium whose aggressiveness is conditioned by inoculum pressure, the physiological state of the plant, and the biological stability of the rhizosphere. In structurally degraded or microbiologically unbalanced soils, even well-performing varieties can show symptoms and even reduce crop productivity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c250be3 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c250be3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\/* === BCT \u2013 FACTORS 4 (unique classes, no collisions) === *\/\r\n.bct-factors4{\r\n  font-family:\"Fira Sans\", system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial !important;\r\n  display:block !important;\r\n  width:100% !important;\r\n  max-width:none !important;\r\n  box-sizing:border-box !important;\r\n\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18);\r\n  border-radius:14px;\r\n  padding:14px 16px;\r\n  background:rgba(255,255,255,0.02);\r\n  margin:0 !important;\r\n  overflow:hidden !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.bct-factors4 *{ box-sizing:border-box !important; }\r\n\r\n.bct-factors4 .bct-factors4-grid{\r\n  display:grid !important;\r\n  width:100% !important;\r\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr) auto minmax(0,1fr) auto minmax(0,1fr) auto minmax(0,1fr) !important;\r\n  align-items:center !important;\r\n  column-gap:10px !important;\r\n  grid-auto-flow: column !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.bct-factors4 .bct-factors4-tag{\r\n  min-width:0 !important;\r\n  width:100% !important;\r\n  display:flex !important;\r\n  align-items:center !important;\r\n  justify-content:center !important;\r\n\r\n  padding:9px 12px;\r\n  border-radius:0 !important;\r\n  background:#4B4B4B !important;\r\n  border:none !important;\r\n\r\n  color:#fff !important;\r\n  text-transform:uppercase !important;\r\n  letter-spacing:0.06em !important;\r\n  font-weight:300 !important;\r\n  font-size: clamp(12px, 1.05vw, 15px) !important;\r\n  line-height:1.1 !important;\r\n  white-space:nowrap !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.bct-factors4 .bct-factors4-plus{\r\n  justify-self:center !important;\r\n  color:rgba(255,255,255,0.45) !important;\r\n  font-weight:300 !important;\r\n  font-size: clamp(12px, 1vw, 14px) !important;\r\n  line-height:1 !important;\r\n  user-select:none !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width:520px){\r\n  .bct-factors4{ padding:12px 12px !important; }\r\n  .bct-factors4 .bct-factors4-grid{ column-gap:8px !important; }\r\n  .bct-factors4 .bct-factors4-tag{ padding:8px 10px !important; letter-spacing:0.05em !important; }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"bct-factors4\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Soil Science + Climatology + Microbiology + Crop Management\">\r\n  <div class=\"bct-factors4-grid\">\r\n    <span class=\"bct-factors4-tag\">Soil Science<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"bct-factors4-plus\">+<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"bct-factors4-tag\">Climatology<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"bct-factors4-plus\">+<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"bct-factors4-tag\">Microbiology<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"bct-factors4-plus\">+<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"bct-factors4-tag\">Crop Management<\/span>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b0856 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c2b0856\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1560\" height=\"1560\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Ingles-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37439\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Ingles-1.png 1560w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Ingles-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Ingles-1-640x640.png 640w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Ingles-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Ingles-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Ingles-1-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Ingles-1-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Ingles-1-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1560px) 100vw, 1560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47fa4fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"47fa4fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Sin-titulo-980-x-1560-px-1560-x-1560-px.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a68ae7d js-subsection elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a68ae7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-img=\"http:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/CERTIFIED-SEEDPOTATO.png\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e69851 e-con-full js-subsection e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e69851\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-img=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15fdb26 js-section elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15fdb26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-title=\"Classification of potatoes according to commercial destination\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Classification of potatoes according to commercial destination<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb212ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fb212ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02ab48d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02ab48d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">The intended use of potatoes not only defines their commercial purpose. It directly influences the choice of variety, the fertilization strategy, irrigation management, the level of sanitary requirements, and the overall technical approach to farming.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Furthermore, this destination can be developed under two different production frameworks \u2014 <strong>conventional<\/strong> or <strong>organic<\/strong> \u2014 which adds an additional variable in terms of available inputs, disease pressure and level of permitted intervention.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Consequently, the final yield depends not only on the genetic potential of the variety, but also on the coherence between destination, production system and technical management.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Within this productive classification we distinguish three main categories:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e204928 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"e204928\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\/* Wrapper *\/\r\n.bct-factors-wrap{\r\n  width:100% !important;\r\n  display:block !important;\r\n  box-sizing:border-box !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Label outside, top-left *\/\r\n.bct-label{\r\n  font-family:\"Fira Sans\", system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial !important;\r\n  text-transform:uppercase;\r\n  letter-spacing:0.20em;\r\n  font-weight:300;\r\n  font-size:16px;\r\n  opacity:0.75;\r\n  color:#fff !important;\r\n  margin:0 0 6px 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Outer box *\/\r\n.bct-factors{\r\n  font-family:\"Fira Sans\", system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial !important;\r\n  display:block !important;\r\n  width:100% !important;\r\n  min-width:100% !important;\r\n  max-width:none !important;\r\n  box-sizing:border-box !important;\r\n\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18);\r\n  border-radius:14px;\r\n  padding:14px 16px;\r\n  background:rgba(255,255,255,0.02);\r\n  margin:0 !important;\r\n\r\n  \/* IMPORTANT: no scroll and no external wrapping *\/\r\n  overflow: hidden !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* FORCED grid (prevents Elementor from turning it into flex\/stack) *\/\r\n.bct-factors .grid{\r\n  display:grid !important;\r\n  width:100% !important;\r\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr) auto minmax(0,1fr) auto minmax(0,1fr) !important;\r\n  align-items:center !important;\r\n  column-gap:10px !important;\r\n  grid-auto-rows: auto !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Boxes *\/\r\n.bct-factors .tag{\r\n  min-width:0 !important;              \/* key so 1fr can shrink *\/\r\n  width:100% !important;\r\n  display:flex !important;\r\n  align-items:center !important;\r\n  justify-content:center !important;\r\n\r\n  padding: 9px 12px;\r\n  border-radius:0;\r\n  background:#4B4B4B;\r\n  border:none;\r\n\r\n  color:#fff !important;\r\n  text-transform:uppercase;\r\n  letter-spacing:0.06em;\r\n  font-weight:300;\r\n  font-size: clamp(12px, 1.1vw, 15px); \/* adapts without breaking *\/\r\n  line-height:1.1;\r\n  white-space:nowrap;                  \/* single line *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* OR separator (minimum width) *\/\r\n.bct-factors .sep{\r\n  justify-self:center !important;\r\n  color:rgba(255,255,255,0.45) !important;\r\n  font-weight:300;\r\n  font-size: clamp(12px, 1vw, 14px);\r\n  line-height:1;\r\n  user-select:none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* On very narrow screens: reduce padding to avoid wrapping *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 520px){\r\n  .bct-factors{ padding:12px 12px; }\r\n  .bct-factors .tag{ padding:8px 10px; letter-spacing:0.05em; }\r\n  .bct-factors .grid{ column-gap:8px !important; }\r\n}\r\n<\/style><div class=\"bct-factors-wrap\"><div class=\"bct-label\">Conventional or organic<\/div><div class=\"bct-factors\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Conventional or organic: seed potatoes or table potatoes or processing potatoes\"><div class=\"grid\"><span class=\"tag\">Seed potatoes<\/span><span class=\"sep\">OR<\/span><span class=\"tag\">Table potatoes<\/span><span class=\"sep\">OR<\/span><span class=\"tag\">Processing potatoes<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e21db96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e21db96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0071afe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0071afe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Seed potato<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad9103f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad9103f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seed potatoes form the basis of the production system. Their main purpose is <b>to guarantee genetic multiplication<\/b> under controlled sanitary conditions. <\/p><p>Here the priority requirement is not immediate commercial yield, but <b>varietal purity<\/b> and the <b>absence of transmissible pathogens<\/b> .<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6275c e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d6275c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42eeba3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42eeba3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ff58a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ff58a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">European regulation and certification: the health basis of the system<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7540bdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7540bdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seed potatoes in the European Union are regulated by Directive 2002\/56\/EC, which establishes the official categories\u2014pre-basic, basic, and certified\u2014and the minimum standards for sanitary quality and varietal purity for their marketing. This common framework is further developed and monitored through the national legislation of each Member State. <\/p><p>In this context, the Netherlands is an international benchmark. Certification is structured under its national seed legislation and is managed by the NAK (Nederlandse Algemene Keuringsdienst). <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27582a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"27582a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"370\" height=\"188\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Origen-46.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37268\" alt=\"NAK Logo\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c696b55 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c696b55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-046157e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"046157e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Plant passport: guarantee of traceability and plant health<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c03a30f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c03a30f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In addition to official certification, the marketing of seed potatoes in the European Union requires the issuance of a phytosanitary passport, regulated by Regulation (EU) 2016\/2031 on plant health.<\/p><p>This document certifies that the plant material has been produced under official controls and meets the established phytosanitary requirements to prevent the introduction and spread of harmful organisms. The plant passport guarantees the traceability of the batch within the European Union and is a key element in the health and safety of the production system. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c9102d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8c9102d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"469\" height=\"144\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/etiket_aardappels-_nak_foto_sr.-thumbnail-e1772535997275.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37269\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43daa46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"43daa46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\/* === BCT \u2013 2 BLOCKS + (hardened) === *\/\r\n.bct-two{\r\n  font-family:\"Fira Sans\", system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial !important;\r\n  display:block !important;\r\n  width:100% !important;\r\n  min-width:100% !important;\r\n  max-width:none !important;\r\n  box-sizing:border-box !important;\r\n\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.18);\r\n  border-radius:14px;\r\n  padding:14px 16px;\r\n  background:rgba(255,255,255,0.02);\r\n  margin:0 !important;\r\n\r\n  overflow:hidden !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.bct-two *{ box-sizing:border-box !important; }\r\n\r\n.bct-two .bct-two-grid{\r\n  display:grid !important;\r\n  width:100% !important;\r\n\r\n  \/* 2 large boxes + minimum-width + *\/\r\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr) auto minmax(0,1fr) !important;\r\n  align-items:center !important;\r\n  column-gap:10px !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.bct-two .bct-two-tag{\r\n  min-width:0 !important;\r\n  width:100% !important;\r\n  display:flex !important;\r\n  align-items:center !important;\r\n  justify-content:center !important;\r\n\r\n  padding:10px 12px;\r\n  border-radius:0;\r\n  background:#4B4B4B;\r\n  border:none;\r\n\r\n  color:#fff !important;\r\n  text-transform:uppercase;\r\n  letter-spacing:0.06em;\r\n  font-weight:300;\r\n  font-size:15px;\r\n  line-height:1.1;\r\n  text-align:center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.bct-two .bct-two-tag.two{\r\n  flex-direction:column;\r\n  gap:6px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.bct-two .bct-two-sub{\r\n  font-size:13px;\r\n  letter-spacing:0.08em;\r\n  opacity:0.95;\r\n  font-weight:300;\r\n  text-transform:none; \/* keeps Directive\/Regulation formatting *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n.bct-two .bct-two-plus{\r\n  justify-self:center !important;\r\n  color:rgba(255,255,255,0.45) !important;\r\n  font-weight:300;\r\n  font-size:14px;\r\n  line-height:1;\r\n  user-select:none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* mobile *\/\r\n@media (max-width:520px){\r\n  .bct-two{ padding:12px 12px; }\r\n  .bct-two .bct-two-grid{\r\n    grid-template-columns:1fr !important;\r\n    row-gap:8px !important;\r\n  }\r\n  .bct-two .bct-two-plus{ display:none; }\r\n  .bct-two .bct-two-tag{ padding:9px 10px; }\r\n}\r\n<\/style><div class=\"bct-two\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Marketable seed potatoes Directive 2002\/56\/EC + Plant passport Regulation (EU) 2016\/2031\"><div class=\"bct-two-grid\"><div class=\"bct-two-tag two\"><div>MARKETABLE SEED POTATOES<\/div><div class=\"bct-two-sub\">Directive 2002\/56\/EC<\/div><\/div><div class=\"bct-two-plus\">+<\/div><div class=\"bct-two-tag two\"><div>PLANT PASSPORT<\/div><div class=\"bct-two-sub\">Regulation (EU) 2016\/2031<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f513b0 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7f513b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba91a79 e-con-full js-subsection e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ba91a79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-img=\"http:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Origen-9.png\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c606280 js-section elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c606280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-title=\"Varietal resistance in potato cultivation\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Varietal resistance in potato cultivation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6c4944 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6c4944\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f581f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f581f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Varietal resistance has historically been a cornerstone of potato disease management. Genetic improvement has significantly reduced vulnerability to key pathogens, contributing to improved yield stability and decreased dependence on external interventions. <\/p><p>However, correctly understanding what resistance is and how it works is essential to avoid overestimating its scope.<\/p><p>Genetic resistance does not imply immunity. In most cases, it involves a modification in the interaction between the plant and the pathogen that limits infection, delays disease development, or reduces its impact on yield. It is a biological balance, not the complete elimination of risk.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70dab5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70dab5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Types of resistance: intensity and stability<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fdfaab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fdfaab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">From a functional point of view, the response of a variety to a pathogen can be placed on a continuum that combines <strong>intensity<\/strong> and <strong>stability<\/strong>.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">At one extreme we find <strong>tolerance<\/strong>, where the plant can become infected but maintains much of its yield. Further along the spectrum, <strong>partial<\/strong> or <strong>quantitative<\/strong> resistances appear, generally <strong>polygenic<\/strong>, which reduce the rate of disease development and tend to be more stable over time.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">At the other extreme are <strong>specific or vertical resistances<\/strong>, based on one or a few specific genes that recognize particular races of the pathogen. This type of resistance can offer intense and easily observable protection in the field, but its stability depends on the pathogen&#8217;s ability to evolve.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>So-called long-lasting resistance depends not only on the intensity of the response, but also on its behavior across different growing seasons<\/strong>, environments, and pathogenic pressures. In practice, it is usually associated with more complex and less easily overcome mechanisms.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">The key is not only how much a resistance protects, but how long it does so and under what conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0493081 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0493081\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbb44ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dbb44ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How are new resistant varieties created?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2912b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b2912b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-780825c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"780825c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Genetic improvement has followed different paths to incorporate resistance in potatoes.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">A classic strategy has been the introgression of genes from wild species of the genus <em>Solanum<\/em>. In the case of late blight (<em>Phytophthora infestans<\/em>), genes derived from <em>Solanum demissum<\/em> allowed the development of varieties with high resistance to certain races.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">More recently, the accumulation of multiple small-effect loci (several specific and distinct physical positions on one or more chromosomes that house genes or genetic markers) (polygenic resistance) has sought to generate more stable responses, reducing the selective pressure exerted on the pathogen.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Marker-assisted selection has accelerated these processes, allowing the identification of resistant genotypes in the early stages of the breeding program. Internationally, gene-editing techniques represent a growing line of research, although their application in Europe is limited by the regulatory framework.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">In all cases, the objective is the same: to reduce the vulnerability of the crop to structural diseases.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b51bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2b51bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24afae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a24afae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e22e8be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e22e8be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bafcc8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5bafcc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb0f1b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb0f1b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">The history of late blight clearly illustrates the plant-pathogen dynamic. The incorporation of <strong>specific R genes<\/strong> (S. demissum) <strong>vertical<\/strong> allowed, for a certain period, effective control of certain pathogen populations. However, the high evolutionary capacity of <em>Phytophthora infestans<\/em> favored the emergence of new races capable of overcoming these resistances.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>This phenomenon does not invalidate genetic improvement, but it demonstrates that vertical resistance can be compromised when intense and prolonged selective pressure is exerted.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8792e2 e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8792e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f92781 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f92781\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca136ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ca136ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/mildew-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37270\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/mildew-1.png 780w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/mildew-1-768x273.png 768w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/mildew-1-600x213.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414b324 e-con-full js-linktrigger e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"414b324\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" data-hide=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3b0727 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3b0727\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are R genes?<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffca2cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffca2cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>R genes (resistance genes)<\/strong> are specific genes present in the plant that allow it <strong>to recognize specific proteins of the pathogen (effectors)<\/strong> and activate a rapid defensive response.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">In the case of late blight (<em>Phytophthora infestans<\/em>), the R genes function under the <strong>&#8220;gene-for-gene&#8221;<\/strong> model: a plant R gene recognizes an avirulence gene of the pathogen. When this recognition occurs, a localized defense response is triggered that can halt the infection.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">However, if the pathogen evolves and modifies or loses that recognized effector, the resistance can <strong>break down<\/strong>, which explains the lower stability of vertical resistances based on one or a few genes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1cbdb9 js-subsection elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1cbdb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-img=\"http:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Origen-10.png\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">New genetic improvement strategies against late blight are based on <strong>polygenic resistances<\/strong>, supported by many small-effect genes that slow infection, reduce the need for fungicides and offer longer-lasting protection than the old vertical resistances based on R genes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6535a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d6535a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44885eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"44885eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b97f1d js-linktrigger elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b97f1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-link=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/2025\/02\/27\/potato-cyst-nematodes\/\" data-label=\"More about &lt;em&gt;Globodera&lt;\/em&gt;\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nematodes ( <i>Globodera rostochiensis<\/i> )<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f38a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2f38a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b869c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b869c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">A representative example of specific resistance in potato cultivation is found in the resistance to <em>Globodera rostochiensis<\/em> incorporated in some genetic improvement programs.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Among the best-known examples is the <strong>H1 gene<\/strong>, widely used to control certain potato cyst nematodes. This case clearly illustrates how these types of specific resistances function within varietal improvement strategies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85338cb e-con-full e-grid e-con e-child\" data-id=\"85338cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb2ddca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cb2ddca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8365c38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8365c38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"523\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/potato-diseases_globodera.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37271\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/potato-diseases_globodera.png 1500w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/potato-diseases_globodera-768x268.png 768w, https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/potato-diseases_globodera-600x209.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c298d9f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c298d9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0fa35e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d0fa35e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is the H1 gene?<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dabfde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dabfde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">The <strong>H1 gene<\/strong> is a specific resistance gene present in some potato varieties that confers resistance against certain pathotypes of the potato cyst nematode (<em>Globodera rostochiensis<\/em>).<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">It also works under the <strong>&#8220;gene-for-gene&#8221;<\/strong> model: when the nematode carries the factor recognized by H1, the plant activates a defensive response that prevents the normal development of the parasite in the root.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">However, this resistance is <strong>specific to certain pathotypes<\/strong> (mainly Ro1 and Ro4). If different populations predominate in the soil or the nematode evolves, efficacy may be compromised, again illustrating the lower stability of resistances based on one or a few genes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb5fb63 js-subsection elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"fb5fb63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-img=\"none\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fb52d6 e-con-full js-subsection e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9fb52d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-img=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f24e2e js-section elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f24e2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-title=\"Limitations of resistance as a sole strategy\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5. Limitations of resistance as a sole strategy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acddb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acddb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad10ab2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad10ab2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Genetic resistance acts on the plant-pathogen interaction, but does not necessarily modify other structural factors of the production system.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c60350 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c60350\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fecf14c js-linktrigger elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fecf14c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-hide=\"1\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u2022 It does not correct imbalances in soil microbiology.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c2d03c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1c2d03c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0115a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d0115a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u2022 It does not by itself reduce the inoculum pressure accumulated in the plot.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1590c87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1590c87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e83024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e83024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u2022 It does not eliminate the influence of soil and climate conditions favorable to the pathogen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-218469c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"218469c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab184df elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab184df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u2022 It does not replace proper agronomic management.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e62c80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e62c80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ae409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41ae409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Furthermore, when used as the sole tool, it can exert selective pressure that favors the emergence of new pathogenic variants. Therefore, varietal resistance should be understood as a powerful tool, but one integrated within a broader system. Its actual effectiveness depends on the context in which it is implemented.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">And it is precisely this context \u2014soil, microbiology, management and complementary strategies\u2014 that determines whether genetic resistance becomes a structural advantage or a temporary solution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-509c8db elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"509c8db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8d3219 e-con-full js-subsection e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8d3219\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-img=\"http:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Origen-28.png\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1a3f0 js-section elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f1a3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-title=\"The structural limitations of resistance as a sole strategy\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6. The structural limitations of resistance as a sole strategy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ba9fa1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ba9fa1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93bbe5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93bbe5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Genetic resistance is a fundamental tool, but productive resilience is not built exclusively from the genome. It is built from the system.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">A resilient system does not eliminate risk, but rather reduces its structural vulnerability. This involves acting on several levels simultaneously: genetics, soil microbiology, agronomic management, and complementary control strategies.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Before discussing resistant varieties, it is necessary to discuss strategy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a88f74 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0a88f74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6012ff js-linktrigger elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6012ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-link=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/rootdei-biocontrol\/\" data-label=\"More about &lt;em&gt;RootDei Biocontrol\u00ae&lt;\/em&gt;\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Strategies for building resilience<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8897c3a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8897c3a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36d5bac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36d5bac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A resilient approach combines different tools that act on different dimensions of the production system:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e21c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"44e21c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35e7170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"35e7170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u2022 Varietal diversification to reduce selective pressure.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a6179f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a6179f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u2022 Soil management aimed at improving structure and biological activity.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751feb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"751feb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u2022 Sufficient crop rotations.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c2e03b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2c2e03b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u2022 Reduction of initial inoculum (solarization, biofumigation...)<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1f6461 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d1f6461\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u2022 Integration of biological control tools.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bef1a19 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bef1a19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64edef7 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"64edef7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The role of RootDei Biocontrol in an integrated strategy<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e856e38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e856e38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">In this context, the application of biocontrol agents such as <strong>RootDei Biocontrol<\/strong> is presented as a complementary tool to genetic resistance.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Biological control microorganisms do not replace genetic resistance, but they act in a complementary way in controlling diseases in the root system. They can compete with pathogens in the rhizosphere, reduce the intensity of infection, stimulate the plant&#8217;s natural defense mechanisms, and contribute to the soil&#8217;s microbiological balance, <strong>thus reinforcing the crop&#8217;s health stability from the environment in which it develops.<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">By acting on the root environment, they decrease the selective pressure exerted exclusively on resistance genes, reducing the probability of the appearance and spread of virulent races.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">The key is not to choose between genetics or biocontrol, but to integrate them.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e15feeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e15feeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/LOGO-T34-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37272\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5195394 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5195394\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f2f9e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f2f9e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a402b0b js-section elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a402b0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-title=\"Resilience as the construction of a sustainable and productive system\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">7. Resilience as the construction of a sustainable and productive system<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-feaf8d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"feaf8d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e4ebfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e4ebfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Resilience in potato cultivation is not an isolated quality, but the result of a systemic construction. It can be summarized in a simple equation:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1641d2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1641d2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"bct-sistema\"><div class=\"bct-sistema__label\">PRODUCTIVE SYSTEM<\/div><div class=\"bct-sistema__wrap\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Productive system: resilience factors\"><div class=\"bct-box bct-box--g\">GENETICS<\/div><div class=\"bct-op bct-op--p1\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/div><div class=\"bct-box bct-box--m\">MICROBIOLOGY<\/div><div class=\"bct-op bct-op--p2\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/div><div class=\"bct-box bct-box--a\">AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT<\/div><div class=\"bct-op bct-op--p3\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/div><div class=\"bct-box bct-box--d\">VARIETAL DIVERSITY<\/div><div class=\"bct-op bct-op--eq\" aria-hidden=\"true\">=<\/div><div class=\"bct-box bct-box--result\">RESILIENCE<\/div><\/div><\/section><style>:root{\r\n    --bct-lime:#B3EF0F;\r\n    --bct-box:#4B4B4B;\r\n    --bct-line:rgba(255,255,255,.12);\r\n    --bct-text:#E6E6E6;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .bct-sistema{\r\n    font-family:\"Fira Sans\",system-ui,-apple-system,Segoe UI,Roboto,Arial;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .bct-sistema__label{\r\n    margin:0 0 10px 0;\r\n    padding:0 6px;\r\n    color:rgba(255,255,255,.65);\r\n    font-weight:300;\r\n    letter-spacing:.28em;\r\n    text-transform:uppercase;\r\n    font-size:12px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .bct-sistema__wrap{\r\n    border:1px solid var(--bct-line);\r\n    border-radius:14px;\r\n    padding:28px 22px;\r\n\r\n    display:grid;\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr auto 1fr auto 1fr auto 1fr;\r\n    gap:18px;\r\n    align-items:center;\r\n    width:100%;\r\n    box-sizing:border-box;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .bct-box{\r\n    background:var(--bct-box);\r\n    color:var(--bct-text);\r\n    text-align:center;\r\n    font-weight:300;\r\n    text-transform:uppercase;\r\n\r\n    font-size:clamp(10px, 0.85vw, 13px);\r\n    line-height:1.15;\r\n    letter-spacing:.03em;\r\n\r\n    padding:22px 18px;\r\n    border-radius:0;\r\n    box-sizing:border-box;\r\n\r\n    overflow:hidden;\r\n    white-space:normal;\r\n    word-break:break-word;\r\n    hyphens:auto;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .bct-box--result{\r\n    background:var(--bct-lime);\r\n    color:#111111;\r\n    font-weight:800;\r\n    font-size:14px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .bct-op{\r\n    color:var(--bct-lime);\r\n    font-weight:300;\r\n    font-size:clamp(16px, 1.5vw, 22px);\r\n    line-height:1;\r\n    text-align:center;\r\n    min-width:16px;\r\n    justify-self:center;\r\n  }\r\n  .bct-op--eq{\r\n    font-size:clamp(18px, 1.7vw, 24px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* ====== \u2705 FIX FOR MEDIUM SCREENS ====== *\/\r\n  @media (max-width: 980px){\r\n  .bct-sistema__wrap{\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr;\r\n    grid-template-areas:\r\n      \"g  p1 m\"\r\n      \"p2 p2 p2\"\r\n      \"a  a  a\"\r\n      \"p3 p3 p3\"\r\n      \"d  d  d\"\r\n      \"eq eq eq\"\r\n      \"r  r  r\";\r\n    row-gap:16px;\r\n    column-gap:18px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* Area assignment *\/\r\n  .bct-box--g{ grid-area:g; }\r\n  .bct-op--p1{ grid-area:p1; }\r\n  .bct-box--m{ grid-area:m; }\r\n\r\n  .bct-op--p2{ grid-area:p2; justify-self:center; display:block; }\r\n  .bct-box--a{ grid-area:a; justify-self:center; max-width:520px; width:100%; }\r\n\r\n  .bct-op--p3{ grid-area:p3; justify-self:center; display:block; }\r\n  .bct-box--d{ grid-area:d; justify-self:center; max-width:420px; width:100%; }\r\n\r\n  .bct-op--eq{ grid-area:eq; justify-self:center; }\r\n  .bct-box--result{ grid-area:r; }\r\n\r\n  \/* Ensures centered operators do not take up space oddly *\/\r\n  .bct-op{ justify-self:center; }\r\n}\r\n\r\n    @media (max-width: 560px){\r\n      .bct-sistema__wrap{\r\n        grid-template-columns:1fr;\r\n        grid-template-areas:\r\n          \"g\"\r\n          \"p1\"\r\n          \"m\"\r\n          \"p2\"\r\n          \"a\"\r\n          \"p3\"\r\n          \"d\"\r\n          \"eq\"\r\n          \"r\";\r\n        padding:20px 16px;\r\n        row-gap:12px;\r\n      }\r\n    \r\n      \/* \u2705 they are no longer hidden *\/\r\n      .bct-op{\r\n        display:block;\r\n        justify-self:center;\r\n      }\r\n    \r\n      \/* Slightly more compact size on mobile *\/\r\n      .bct-box{ font-size:12px; padding:18px 14px; }\r\n      .bct-op{ font-size:20px; min-width:auto; }\r\n    \r\n      \/* Ensures areas on mobile *\/\r\n      .bct-box--g{ grid-area:g; }\r\n      .bct-op--p1{ grid-area:p1; }\r\n    \r\n      .bct-box--m{ grid-area:m; }\r\n      .bct-op--p2{ grid-area:p2; }\r\n    \r\n      .bct-box--a{ grid-area:a; max-width:none; }\r\n      .bct-op--p3{ grid-area:p3; }\r\n    \r\n      .bct-box--d{ grid-area:d; max-width:none; }\r\n      .bct-op--eq{ grid-area:eq; }\r\n    \r\n      .bct-box--result{ grid-area:r; }\r\n    }\r\n<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14940b4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14940b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26887dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26887dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">When these dimensions act in a coordinated manner, the production system reduces its structural vulnerability. Genetics provides defense capacity; soil microbiology contributes to the balance against pathogens; agronomic management modulates the environment in which the plant develops; and varietal diversity reduces the selective pressure exerted on pathogenic populations.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">This integration has direct effects: it reduces dependence on intensive chemical interventions, decreases selection pressure on pathogens, and improves productive stability season after season. Furthermore, biologically active soil tends to develop greater suppressive capacity against soilborne diseases, strengthening the system from its foundation.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Building resilience is not solely about environmental criteria. It also has clear economic implications. Progressively reducing the use of chemical pesticides allows for lower residue levels, adaptation to increasing regulatory demands, and access to markets with stricter standards. In certain contexts, it even facilitates the transition to organic or differentiated production systems.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Markets that value production with a lower environmental impact and greater traceability can offer better prices, which translates into opportunities for greater profitability. At the same time, a balanced system tends to improve key production parameters such as size uniformity, yield stability, and commercial quality\u2014factors directly linked to the economic value of the crop.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Resilience, therefore, is not merely a technical or environmental objective. It is a productive and business strategy that allows for sustained profitability in an increasingly demanding agronomic and regulatory environment.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9240cf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c9240cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>MODULE I Beyond genetic improvement: Building a resilient production system in potato cultivation. Jordi Fumad\u00f3 Technical-Commercial Coordinator IN THIS SECTIONIntroducci\u00f3n MODULE I. Beyond Genetics M\u00e1s sobre Globodera 1. Potato cultivation: introduction to the key challenges Potato farming is undergoing a transformation. The market and society are demanding increasingly sustainable production systems, while farmers need to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":37265,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1317,1321],"tags":[1438],"class_list":["post-37293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-eng","category-ipm","tag-potato"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Beyond Genetic Improvement | Biocontrol Technologies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Genetic resistance is key in potato cultivation, but its effectiveness depends on a balanced production system integrating soil health, microbiology and agronomic management.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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