{"id":37798,"date":"2025-09-04T10:07:45","date_gmt":"2025-09-04T08:07:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/2025\/09\/04\/scientific-review-biological-control-of-xylosandrus-compactus\/"},"modified":"2026-03-10T14:29:00","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T13:29:00","slug":"scientific-review-biological-control-of-xylosandrus-compactus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biocontroltechnologies.com\/en\/2025\/09\/04\/scientific-review-biological-control-of-xylosandrus-compactus\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientific Review: Biological Control of Xylosandrus compactus<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Revisi\u00f3n de Publicaciones de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Avances en Biocontrol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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How Trichoderma asperellum<\/i> strain T34 stands out as a strategy for controlling the ragweed beetle.<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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This entry corresponds to a review<\/strong> based on two publications by researchers from the University of Catania: \u201cMicrobial mutualism suppression by Trichoderma and Bacillus species for controlling the invasive ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus\u201d<\/em> and \u201cExploring the potential of synthetic and biological fungicides for managing the fungus-farming ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus\u201d<\/em> . <\/p>

They compare different possible control strategies and T34 Biocontrol<\/strong><\/span> \u00ae<\/em><\/span><\/strong> stands out<\/span> in the control of the ambrosia beetle, showing a significantly superior effect compared to other products evaluated, with very relevant results.<\/span> <\/p>

Based on this evidence, we began this review to delve deeper into the findings and the potential of this biocontrol strategy.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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A tiny beetle with a big impact<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Xylosandrus<\/span> compactus<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em> (known as<\/span><\/span> the black twig<\/span> borer)<\/span><\/span> either <\/span><\/span>black ambrosia beetle<\/span><\/span>The ambrosia beetle (Ambrosia beetle) is native to Asia and has become an invasive pest in other regions. It measures only 2 mm, but can infest a wide variety of trees and shrubs of ornamental and agricultural importance, boring galleries into their young branches. In Europe, it was first detected in 2011 (Italy) and arrived in Spain in 2019 (Mallorca), later spreading to Catalonia in 2020. This insect causes <\/span><\/span>wilting<\/span> ,<\/span><\/span> branch<\/span><\/span> breakage<\/span><\/span> and<\/span><\/span> decline<\/span><\/span>\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/strong> in the trees it attacks, potentially affecting forests, orchards, nurseries, and urban areas. Its small size and<\/span><\/span> hidden<\/span><\/span> lifestyle<\/span><\/span> within<\/span><\/span> the<\/span><\/span> wood<\/span><\/span><\/strong> They are difficult to control with conventional methods, since contact insecticides barely reach hidden pests. Therefore,<\/span><\/span> X.<\/span> compactus<\/span><\/span> It is considered a serious phytosanitary threat wherever it becomes established.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Figure 2.<\/b> World distribution map of Xylosandrus compactus<\/i> (black ambrosia beetle),<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFigure 2 shows the countries with confirmed presence and transient cases. EPPO Global Database (MYCOFI, updated April 2024). Available at the following link<\/a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Crops and plants affected <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Main agricultural crops: <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Coffee<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Tea<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cocoa<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ornamental orchids<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Dendrobium spp.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cattleya spp.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Various species of ornamental and forest trees:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Laurel<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Apple tree<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Maples<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Magnolia dogwood<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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It also affects many other species such as Macadamia, Mango, among others.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Mediterranean plants in Europe:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Oleanders<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Laurel<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The ambrosia beetle's secret partner: an indispensable fungus<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The success of<\/span> X. compactus<\/span><\/i> is not solely due to the beetle itself, but to its alliance with a<\/span> symbiotic fungus<\/span> ,<\/span> Ambrosiella xylebori<\/span><\/i> . Female beetles carry spores of this fungus in special structures on their bodies. When they bore into wood and create a gallery,<\/span> they seed the fungus on the tunnel walls<\/span> .<\/span> Ambrosiella xylebori<\/span><\/i> grows within the wood, feeding on the plant tissue and lining the galleries with its mycelium and spores. The beetle larvae<\/span> They don’t feed directly on the wood<\/span> , but rather consume the cultivated fungus, obtaining their nutrients from it. In other words,<\/span> X. compactus<\/span><\/i> is a “farming beetle”: it cultivates its own fungal food inside the tree. This mutualistic relationship is so close that the beetle’s development and reproduction<\/span> depend entirely on the fungus<\/span> ; without it, the larvae cannot thrive and the insect’s life cycle is interrupted.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

Nevertheless, <\/span>X. compactus<\/span><\/i> not only is it associated with <\/span>Ambrosiella xylebori<\/span><\/i>but also with other species of <\/span>saprotrophic fungi<\/span> (<\/span>Ambrosiella macrosposa<\/span><\/i>) and <\/span>pathogens<\/span> (<\/span>Fusarium solani<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>Epicoccum nigrum<\/span><\/i>), which can influence the symptoms observed in infested plants. <\/span> <\/span><\/p>

Furthermore, in many cases the<\/span> Ambrosiella<\/span><\/i> fungus can also act as a pathogen of the tree, amplifying the damage: it causes necrosis in the tissues (dark lesions in the wood) and contributes to the wilting of the host. Therefore, this insect-fungus pairing is doubly harmful: the beetle bores into and spreads the fungus, and the fungus weakens or kills the infested plant.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ambrosiella roeperi<\/i> sp. Source: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.3852\/13-354 <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Epicoccum nigrum<\/i> sp. Source: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/figure\/Epicoccum-nigrum-MFLU-17-0359-a-Appearance-of-synnemata-on-host-substrate-b_fig8_324863737 <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Seeking a biological solution: attacking the fungus <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Traditionally, pest control strategies focus on attacking the insect<\/strong> (e.g., with insecticides). However, in the case of ambrosia beetles like X. compactus<\/em> , conventional methods often fail due to their cryptic lifestyle within wood and their rapid dispersal. This is where an innovative idea comes in: what if, instead of directly attacking the beetle, we attack its food fungus?<\/em> If we manage to suppress or eliminate Ambrosiella xylebori<\/em> , we would be cutting off the food supply<\/strong> for X. compactus<\/em> , preventing it from raising new generations. This indirect biological control<\/strong> approach seeks to exploit the beetle’s Achilles’ heel: its vital need for a mutualistic fungus. <\/p>

A promising candidate for this task is another fungus, Trichoderma asperellum<\/strong><\/em> , specifically the T34 strain<\/strong> . Trichoderma<\/em> fungi are benign fungi widely known in agriculture for their ability to antagonize other fungi (they are \u201cmycoparasitic\u201d<\/em> ), compete for space and nutrients, and even stimulate plant defenses. The T. asperellum<\/em> T34 strain, in particular, is used commercially as a biofungicide in crops due to its effectiveness in controlling soilborne pathogens. The researchers hypothesized that T34 could colonize the same habitat as Ambrosiella<\/em> (the plant’s wood or rhizosphere) and displace or inhibit it<\/strong> , thus disrupting the insect-fungus mutuality. In short: using a beneficial fungus<\/em> to defeat a harmful fungus<\/em> and, in doing so, defeat the pest beetle naturally. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Surprising results: Trichoderma<\/i> vs. Ambrosiella<\/i><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Researchers at the University of Catania (Italy) conducted laboratory studies to test this strategy. In 2022, Gugliuzzo et al. evaluated different biocontrol agents, including the T34 strain of T. asperellum<\/em><\/strong> , against X. compactus<\/em> and its fungal infection. The trials included in vitro<\/em> tests (culture plates pitting the beneficial fungus against A. xylebori<\/em> ) and in vivo<\/em> tests (twigs infested with beetles, treated with the biofungicides). The results were very encouraging: T. asperellum<\/em> T34 significantly inhibited the growth of the Ambrosiella<\/em> fungus<\/strong> , both on plates and within the wood. In Petri dishes, T34 inhibited approximately 80% of A. xylebori<\/em> mycelial growth<\/strong> due to its rapid overgrowth and competitiveness. But the most important finding occurred on the infested twigs: the galleries treated with T34 showed almost no fungal growth<\/strong> , and consequently, many female X. compactus<\/em> failed to raise any larvae in those galleries. Trichoderma<\/em> was observed colonizing the interior of the tunnels or their immediate surroundings, leaving Ambrosiella<\/em> without space or nutrients. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Figure 1.<\/b> Effect of Trichoderma<\/i> T34 on the reproduction of X. compactus. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In the laboratory, female X. compactus<\/em> beetles produced an average of more than 20 offspring each on untreated<\/strong> branches (gray bar, control). In contrast, when branches were treated with T. asperellum<\/em> T34<\/strong> , the beetle’s offspring were drastically reduced to only 1\u20134 offspring per female<\/strong> (green bar). This experiment demonstrates that, by inhibiting the growth of the mutualistic fungus<\/strong> , the T34<\/em> treatment deprives X. compactus<\/em> larvae of their food source, causing a collapse in their reproduction. In many cases, galleries treated directly with T34<\/em> contained no viable larvae<\/strong> , only the mother and perhaps some undeveloped eggs. The difference is striking: without the nourishing fungus, the beetle is virtually unable to raise its offspring<\/strong> . <\/p>

Trichoderma<\/em> was not the only organism evaluated. The 2022 study also tested a couple of beneficial bacterial strains ( Bacillus<\/em> )<\/strong> , which likewise showed potential in suppressing Ambrosiella<\/em> . In fact, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens<\/em> D747 managed to reduce the presence of the fungus in the galleries and decrease brood production by approximately 82% at high doses. However, the T. asperellum<\/em> T34 strain stood out as one of the most consistent agents: with proper application, it achieved up to a 95% reduction in the number of beetle offspring<\/strong> . In other words, where a beetle would normally produce around 20 offspring, with T34 it produced barely 1. This level of efficacy in vitro<\/em> and in vivo<\/em> was a powerful proof of concept that disrupting the fungus-insect relationship is viable. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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From the lab to the field: a future of integrated biological control<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Encouraged by these results, in 2025 Costanzo et al. published a study expanding the research, including tests with chemical fungicides<\/strong> alongside biological ones, and simulating conditions closer to the field. In these experiments, young laurel plants (a host plant) were treated with different fungicides before being exposed to the beetle. Synthetic fungicides (such as thiophanate-methyl<\/strong> and azoxystrobin<\/strong> ) showed the greatest reduction in the beetle population, as they effectively eliminated the cultivated fungus by infiltrating the wood and significantly reduced the number of galleries containing brood. <\/p>

However, among the biological options, Trichoderma asperellum<\/em> T34 stood out<\/strong> once again: it was the only one<\/strong> that significantly reduced the mutualistic fungus in the treated plants. Specifically, applying T34 to the rhizosphere of infected laurel trees halved<\/strong> the length of fungal lesions within the wood (29.47 mm with T34 vs. 60.65 mm in control plants). This “lesion” is essentially the dark patch of dead tissue caused by Ambrosiella<\/em> as it spreads; its smaller size indicates that the fungus was much less active in the plants treated with T34. <\/p>

The other two products evaluated, based on two strains of Trichoderma<\/em> and one Bacillus<\/em> , showed a tendency to reduce lesion length (44.11 mm and 50.40 mm, respectively), although without significant differences compared to the control. According to the study authors, root colonization by T. asperellum<\/em> T34 may have induced systemic resistance in the plant, modifying the mutualistic interaction between the beetle and the fungus. This study expands the knowledge on the use of biofungicides to disrupt the interaction between X. compactus<\/em> and its main mutualist, A. xylebori<\/em> . <\/p>

Why did T34 work particularly well? Researchers propose two complementary mechanisms. First, T. asperellum<\/em> T34 competes directly with A. xylebori<\/em> : it grows faster, occupies more space in the root gallery, and can secrete enzymes or compounds that inhibit the other fungus. Second, T34 stimulates the host plant’s natural defenses<\/strong> . Evidence of this was that applying T34 to the roots of bay laurel induced a systemic response in the tree, making it less susceptible to fungal colonization in its vascular system. In other words, the tree “defends itself better” when its roots are colonized by T34, a phenomenon known as induced systemic resistance<\/strong> . This dual effect makes T34 a very valuable ally. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Unusual Behavior of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) on Carob Trees in a Mediterranean Environment. Source: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/10\/3\/82 <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A promising strategy for controlling the plague<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Taken together, these studies demonstrate an innovative concept: controlling an insect pest by targeting its essential microbiota<\/strong> . This integrated pest management strategy opens a more selective and ecological approach: biocontrol through alteration of the insect’s mycobiome<\/strong> . <\/p>

Disrupting the ambrosia mutualism<\/strong> represents an interesting paradigm shift in forest and agricultural protection. Instead of applying broad-spectrum fungicides or insecticides (which can harm biodiversity), a beneficial organism is introduced that naturally neutralizes the pest. <\/p>

In conclusion, the use of Trichoderma asperellum<\/em> T34 against Xylosandrus compactus<\/em> is a promising and environmentally friendly biotechnological strategy. The studies by Gugliuzzo et al. (2022) and Costanzo et al. (2025) provide strong proof of concept<\/strong> that targeting the fungus-insect symbiosis is<\/em> effective, offering a glimmer of hope in the fight against this devastating invasive beetle. With biofungicides like the T34 fungus on our side, it is possible to protect forests and crops by leveraging natural rivalries between microorganisms rather than relying so heavily on chemicals<\/strong> . A tiny green spore of Trichoderma<\/em> could be the key to controlling this minuscule but destructive ambrosia beetle. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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References<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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1. Costanzo, MB, Gugluzzo, A., Vitale, A., Puglisi, I., Visentin, S., Pane, A., Cascone, P., Pappalardo, V., Guerrieri, E., & Conti, E. (2025).<\/strong>
Exploring the potential of synthetic and biological fungicides for managing the fungus-farming ragweed beetle<\/em> Xylosandrus compactus.<\/em> PLOS ONE, 20<\/strong> (7), e0329063.<\/p>

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329063<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

2. Gugluzzo, A., Vitale, A., Puglisi, I., Pane, A., Pappalardo, V., Cascone, P., Guerrieri, E., & Conti, E. (2022).<\/strong>
Microbial mutualism suppression by<\/em> Trichoderma<\/em> and<\/em> Bacillus<\/em> species for controlling the invasive ragweed beetle<\/em> Xylosandrus compactus.<\/em> Biological Control, 170<\/strong> , 104929.<\/p>

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2022.104929<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

3. Leza, M., N\u00fa\u00f1ez, L., Riba, JM, Comparini, C., Roca, A., & Gallego, D. (2020).<\/strong>
First record of the black twig borer,<\/em> Xylosandrus compactus<\/em> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Spain.<\/em> Zootaxa, 4767<\/strong> (2), 337\u2013340.<\/p>

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.4767.2.9<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

4. EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). (sf). <\/strong>
Xylosandrus compactus.<\/em> EPPO Global Database.<\/strong><\/p>

https:\/\/gd.eppo.int\/search?k=Xylosandrus+compactus<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

5. Generalitat de Catalunya, Department of Climate Action, Food and Rural Agenda. (2023).<\/strong>
Phytosanitary effects. Sectorial taula of dried fruit.<\/em><\/p>

https:\/\/ruralcat.gencat.cat\/documents\/20181\/11400265\/punt+3+-+Afectacions+fitosanitaries+Taula+Sectorial+FS+2023.pdf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

6. Generalitat de Catalunya, Department of Climate Action, Food and Rural Agenda. (sf).<\/strong>
Fitxa technique of<\/em> Xylosandrus compactus.<\/em><\/p>

https:\/\/agricultura.gencat.cat\/web\/.content\/ag_agricultura\/ag02_sanitat_vegetal\/ag02_02_plagues\/documents_fulls_informatius\/fitxers_estatics\/fitxa-xylosandrus-compactus.pdf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

7. Ruralcat. (n.d.).<\/strong>
New pests affecting ornamental nurseries: Ripersiella hibisci. Xylosandrus compactus.<\/em><\/p>

https:\/\/ruralcat.gencat.cat\/documents\/20181\/9596914\/punt+5.2+-+RH+i+XC+TS+flor_.pdf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Revisi\u00f3n de Publicaciones de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Avances en Biocontrol How Trichoderma asperellum strain T34 stands out as a strategy for controlling the ragweed beetle. 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